“…First, it was checked that the integrity of the T91 steel was not impacted by the coating independently of LBE. Under monotonic loading by using the small punch test (SPT) technique, a similar response was found in the air of uncoated and coated steels, except for the iron boride one [49]. The mechanical resistance of the iron-boride coated T91 steel was reduced compared with that of T91 steel without coating.…”
Section: Iron Aluminide Iron Boride and An Iron Solid Solution Enriched In Chromium And Covered By Carbide By Pack Cementationmentioning
confidence: 72%
“…They elaborated iron aluminide, iron boride, and an iron solid solution enriched in chromium and covered by carbide coatings by pack cementation. The mechanical behavior at 300 • C in LBE of each coated T91 steel was studied [49,50]. First, it was checked that the integrity of the T91 steel was not impacted by the coating independently of LBE.…”
Section: Iron Aluminide Iron Boride and An Iron Solid Solution Enriched In Chromium And Covered By Carbide By Pack Cementationmentioning
The review paper starts with the applications of liquid metals and then concentrates on lead and lead–bismuth eutectic used in Gen IV nuclear reactors and accelerator-driven systems. Key points of degradation modes of austenitic stainless steels and ferritic-martensitic steels, candidates for the structural components, are briefly summarized. Corrosion and liquid metal embrittlement are critical issues that must be overcome. Next, the paper focuses on the strong efforts paid to the mitigation of corrosion and reviews the different solutions proposed for the protection of steels in lead and lead–bismuth eutectic. There exist promising solutions based on protection by deposition of protective coatings or protection by “natural” oxidation resulting from optimized chemical composition of the steels. However, the solutions have to be confirmed especially by longer-term experiments and by additional mechanical testing.
“…First, it was checked that the integrity of the T91 steel was not impacted by the coating independently of LBE. Under monotonic loading by using the small punch test (SPT) technique, a similar response was found in the air of uncoated and coated steels, except for the iron boride one [49]. The mechanical resistance of the iron-boride coated T91 steel was reduced compared with that of T91 steel without coating.…”
Section: Iron Aluminide Iron Boride and An Iron Solid Solution Enriched In Chromium And Covered By Carbide By Pack Cementationmentioning
confidence: 72%
“…They elaborated iron aluminide, iron boride, and an iron solid solution enriched in chromium and covered by carbide coatings by pack cementation. The mechanical behavior at 300 • C in LBE of each coated T91 steel was studied [49,50]. First, it was checked that the integrity of the T91 steel was not impacted by the coating independently of LBE.…”
Section: Iron Aluminide Iron Boride and An Iron Solid Solution Enriched In Chromium And Covered By Carbide By Pack Cementationmentioning
The review paper starts with the applications of liquid metals and then concentrates on lead and lead–bismuth eutectic used in Gen IV nuclear reactors and accelerator-driven systems. Key points of degradation modes of austenitic stainless steels and ferritic-martensitic steels, candidates for the structural components, are briefly summarized. Corrosion and liquid metal embrittlement are critical issues that must be overcome. Next, the paper focuses on the strong efforts paid to the mitigation of corrosion and reviews the different solutions proposed for the protection of steels in lead and lead–bismuth eutectic. There exist promising solutions based on protection by deposition of protective coatings or protection by “natural” oxidation resulting from optimized chemical composition of the steels. However, the solutions have to be confirmed especially by longer-term experiments and by additional mechanical testing.
“…The change of Ni, Ta and Co contents of the steel surface is the one reason for corrosion-resistance deterioration [31]. The ceramic coatings exhibit optimal properties of corrosion resistance due to the chemical stability [32-33], may hold technological promise for improving metal materials so as to in situ practical applications in ADS. Figure 13 Simulations of strain and stress of the boundary of the boundary of coatings and substrate.…”
Coatings are pre-fabricated on the China low activation martensitic (CLAM) steel via thermal spraying using Cr-Fe-Al-Ti mixed powders. Crystalline and amorphous multiphase ceramic coatings are formed by a new laser surface in situ prefabricated coatings in situ reaction technology under atmospheric environments based on the Standard Gibbs free-energy theory. The grain boundary of incomplete recrystallisation section and perfect crystallisation section can be observed clearly by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The Al 2 O 3 and TiO 2 are found to be formed in the crystallisation section. In addition, we adopt a new method to measure bonding strength of coating and base material, and the average shear strength is found to be 290 MPa. Further finite-element analysis shows that the shear stress distribution between the coatings and substrate is consistent with the experimental data. The average microhardness of the coatings is found to reach 1864.19 HV 0.2 .The coatings also exhibit the strongest liquid Pb corrosion resistance. This technique may be important in technological improvement of surfaces of the candidate structural materials for the accelerator-driven sub-critical system, which is usually applied to handle the nuclear waste under extreme conditions.
“…Coatings are typically used to protect materials from various types of damage and are often used to protect surfaces from wear and tear, corrosion, heat and oxidation, and chemical attack [46]. The main corrosion-resistant coatings studied at home and abroad are poly coatings, functional gradient composite coatings, ceramic coatings, refractory metal coatings, ODS and high-entropy alloy coatings, and combinations of the above coating forms [31,46,83,[108][109][110][111]. Coating technology is a method of improving the compatibility of structural steel with liquid LBE, such as powder embedding, physical vapor deposition, pulsed laser deposition/fusion coating, plasma electrolytic oxidation, and cathodic arc ion plating [112].…”
Liquid lead–bismuth eutectic alloy is one of the candidate coolants for fourth-generation nuclear power systems because of its good physical and chemical properties, neutron economic performance, and safety. However, the compatibility between the coolant and structural steel is still the main factor restricting its large-scale industrial application in the nuclear energy field. Structural steel in a liquid lead–bismuth eutectic alloy for a long time would cause severe corrosion. The erosion of structural steel by high-flow-rate liquid lead–bismuth alloy will lead to a more complex corrosion process. This paper mainly reviews the corrosion characteristics of liquid lead–bismuth and the corrosion behavior of structural steel in liquid lead-bismuth eutectic. The main methods of inhibiting liquid lead–bismuth corrosion are summarized, and future research directions are suggested.
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