Mechanical Behavior of Laminated Glass Polymer Interlayer Subjected to Environmental Effects

Knight, Jonathan; El-Sisi, Alaa; Elbelbisi, Ahmed H.; Newberry, Michael; Salim, Hani

doi:10.3390/polym14235113

Cited by 17 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Despite the use of additives, the encapsulant has a typical viscoelastic behaviour and is characterized by possible variations in shear stiffness [ 25 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ], as a consequence of strain rate effects, temperature gradients, long-term phenomena, etc. ( Figure 3 a).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical Analysis of the Quasi-Static and Dynamic Composite Action in PV Modules with Viscoelastic Encapsulant

Bedon,

Santos,

Fasan

2024

Materials

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The mechanical analysis of photovoltaics and building integrated photovoltaics is a key step for their optimal design and certification, and requires careful consideration, alongside solar power, durability and functionality issues. The solar cells are encapsulated in thin interlayers that are usually composed of a viscoelastic Ethylene–Vinyl Acetate compound, and protected by thin glass and/or plastic layers. This paper investigates the out-of-plane bending response of a full-scale commercial PV module and focuses attention on the shear bonding efficiency of the thin encapsulant for quasi-static and dynamic mechanical considerations. The parametric analytical analysis, carried out in this study for a laminated glass plate, highlights the possible consequences of the viscoelastic shear coupling on the cross-section load-bearing demand in the covers. As a direct effect of severe operational conditions (i.e., ageing, non-uniform/cyclic thermal gradients, humidity, extreme mechanical/thermal loads, etc.) the shear rigidity and adhesion of these films can suffer from repeated/progressive modification and even degradation, and thus induce major stress and deflection effects in the out-of-plane mechanical response of the PV module components. The minimum shear bond efficiency required to prevent mechanical issues is calculated for various configurations of technical interest. Accordingly, it is shown how the quasi-static and dynamic mechanical performance of the system modifies as a function of a more rigid or weak shear coupling.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical Analysis of the Quasi-Static and Dynamic Composite Action in PV Modules with Viscoelastic Encapsulant

Bedon,

Santos,

Fasan

2024

Materials

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“…Young's modulus (E) was determined by calculating the slope of the initial linear region observed in the stressstrain curves. Additional details regarding the dynamic testing of interlayer materials using the drop-weight machine can be found in [4,5,16]. To increase the bonding area to avoid any tearing of the specimens at the grips between the specimen and the aluminum tabs, a modified ASTM sample geometry [4] was tested.…”

Section: Materials Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Various materials can be used to create these interlayers, including polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ionoplast, or thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). The choice of interlayer material allows for different levels of protection to be achieved [5,[16][17][18]. However, there are other failure modes that can still pose a danger to the surrounding environment when windows are subjected to extreme loading conditions, such as blast loading.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Blast Response Simulation of LG Panels Using an Elasto-Damage Model with the Finite Element Method

Elbelbisi,

Elsisi,

Saffarini

et al. 2023

Buildings

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Laminated glass (LG) windows significantly enhance building safety due to their ability to retain shattered glass within the interlayer, but their susceptibility to failure under blast loading remains a concern. Compared with simplified models, detailed constitutive modeling is essential to evaluate these complex scenarios, as experimental investigation faces limitations in spatial and temporal resolutions. This study presents a robust model-based simulation approach for predicting the brittle failure response of glass in blast-resistant LG windows. An elasto-damage relation for glass (EDG) was integrated with the finite element model (FEM) to predict the blast response. Validation against shock tube testing results was performed to ensure the reliability of the FEM. Material parameters for the polymeric interlayer were obtained through dynamic experiments, enabling a reasonable representation of its constitutive behavior using the Johnson–Cook (JC) model. Additionally, a numerical parametric study was conducted to investigate how different glass types influence blast resistance performance. Tempered glass stood out for its blast resistance compared with annealed and heat-strengthened glass, displaying superior strength against blast loads. The Rankine-based elasto-damage description provides a more precise representation of the failure response than commonly used approaches. These findings contribute to advancing model-based simulation approaches for designing better blast-resistant LG windows, ensuring safer buildings.

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“…This method pulls the specimen to failure in a very short amount of time. This also produces a stress/strain curve characteristic to the material [ 17 , 18 ].…”

Section: Materials Characterization Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymeric Interlayer Strengthening with Boron Neutron Capture Radiation Treatment for Laminated Glass

et al. 2023

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Polymer interlayer materials are utilized in laminated glass systems to provide increased resilience from blast incidents. The polymer chains within the interlayer material can benefit from material modifications that increase the crosslinking between adjacent chains. One theorized method of targeted crosslinking is made possible through a boron neutron capture process. This process utilizes neutron radiation that bombards boron material, thus producing emissions of highly energetic particles into the polymer. The method has been experimentally utilized for bulk material processing as well as surface treatment. The surface treatment process has been extensively investigated in this study to manipulate polymers commonly used as interlayer material. Comparison evaluation tests have been completed to show the material behavior change through static tensile loading, dynamic tensile loading, indentation testing, and scratch resistance testing. Results present the specific material behavior changes, effects on different interlayer material, and optimizations for the treatment processes. Data resulting from these tests will expand the understanding of the material behavior changes from treatment techniques and show evidence of the expected crosslinking. This understanding will lead to a quantifiable application of system capacities to improve the future designs of the window and building systems and lead to a safer, more secure, and resilient infrastructure. Polymer treatment by boron neutron capture radiation has produced polymer interlayers with the potential of increased resilience to blast. The research to date has evaluated treated polymers and shown that the hardening and increased elasticity of the material can be initiated through treatment, thus indicating crosslinking behavior. These results show distinct changes in the material behavior, particularly with the EVA interlayer material. The harder surface of the interlayer may resist the cutting of the interlayer surface by glass shards. Scratch resistance was 30% higher and the measured hardness was 100% on treated surfaces. Treated EVA exhibited a 40% higher stress capacity, a 35% higher toughness, and a 40% increase in the elasticity of the material. The overall toughness increase of the treated polymer material allows for a higher energy absorption, and an overall improvement of window performance in blast conditions. The treatment technique can be applied to a variety of window interlayer products for optimal material performance in blast conditions.

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Mechanical Behavior of Laminated Glass Polymer Interlayer Subjected to Environmental Effects

Cited by 17 publications

References 23 publications

Mechanical Analysis of the Quasi-Static and Dynamic Composite Action in PV Modules with Viscoelastic Encapsulant

Mechanical Analysis of the Quasi-Static and Dynamic Composite Action in PV Modules with Viscoelastic Encapsulant

Enhanced Blast Response Simulation of LG Panels Using an Elasto-Damage Model with the Finite Element Method

Polymeric Interlayer Strengthening with Boron Neutron Capture Radiation Treatment for Laminated Glass

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