Mechanical Behavior of Melt-Mixed 3D Hierarchical Graphene/Polypropylene Nanocomposites

Gąska, Karolina; Manika, Georgia C.; Gkourmpis, Thomas; Tranchida, Davide; Gitsas, Antonis; Kádár, Roland

doi:10.3390/polym12061309

Cited by 17 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…This solid‐like behavior of the CPCs suggests that a percolated network structure was formed and indicates a good dispersion and/or distribution of the CB conductive filler particles/agglomerates inside the polymer matrix. [ 52 ] Similar behavior was described by Hassanabadi et al [ 49 ] in the case of carbon nanotube‐reinforced EVA or by Wu and Zheng [ 53 ] in the case of HDPE/CB composites. Pötschke et al [ 50 ] concluded that the changes in the storage modulus are related to the formation of a conductive network in which, in rheology, the filler particles need to touch each other, contrary to the case of the electrical percolation.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 70%

Electrical, rheological, and mechanical properties copolymer/carbon black composites

Alves

Cavalcanti

Silva

et al. 2021

Vinyl Additive Technology

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This work aims to evaluate the electrical conductivity and the rheological and mechanical properties of copolymer/carbon black (CB) conductive polymer composites (CPCs). The copolymers, containing ethylene groups in their structure, used as matrix were polyethylene grafted with maleic anhydride (PEgMA), ethylene‐methyl acrylate–glycidyl methacrylate (EMA‐GMA), and ethylene‐vinyl acetate (EVA). For comparison purposes, bio‐based polyethylene (BioPE)/CB composites were also studied. The electrical conductivity results showed that the electrical percolation threshold of BioPE/CB composite was 0.36 volume fraction of CB, whereas the rheological percolation threshold was 0.25 volume fraction of CB. The most conductive CPC was BioPE/CB. Among the copolymer/CB CPCs, PEgMA/CB showed the highest conductivity, which can be attributed to the fact that the PEgMA copolymer had higher crystallinity. It also has a higher amount of ethylene groups in its structure. Torque rheometry analysis indicated that EMA‐GMA copolymer may have reacted with CB. Rheological measurements under oscillatory shear flow indicated the formation of a percolated network in BioPE/CB and copolymer/CB composites. Morphology analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated the formation of a percolated network structure in BioPE/CB composite and finely dispersed CB particles within the PEgMA copolymer. Wetting of CB particles/agglomerates by the copolymer matrix was observed in EVA/CB and EMA‐GMA/CB composites. Conductive CB acted as reinforcing filler as it increased the elastic modulus and tensile strength of BioPE and the copolymers.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 70%

Electrical, rheological, and mechanical properties copolymer/carbon black composites

Alves

Cavalcanti

Silva

et al. 2021

Vinyl Additive Technology

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“…The second one was α c relaxation process associated with relaxations arising from the crystalline phases of the polymer matrix. 59…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The second one was a c relaxation process associated with relaxations arising from the crystalline phases of the polymer matrix. 59 Table 6 shows data of E', E'', T g , E"/E' ratio and T a* of PP and nanocomposites. PP/ZrP system did not show tendency concerning the screw speed.…”

Section: Differential Scanning Calorimetry (Dsc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nano lamellar zirconium phosphate and screw speed changing properties of melt extrusion polypropylene nanocomposites

Mariano

Freitas

Mendes

2021

Journal of Composite Materials

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Tetravalent metal phosphates find application mainly as a catalyst and ionic exchangers besides structural and some other properties. In this study, pristine zirconium phosphate (ZrP) and chemically modified with Jeffamine™ (variable amine:phosphate ratio) were used as fillers to yield polypropylene nanocomposites by melt extrusion. Additionally, two different screw speeds (60 and 120 rpm) were carried out. Structural, crystallographic, thermal, dynamic-mechanical, and relaxometry properties were assessed. The morphology was also noticed. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction revealed that high speed and chemical modified ZrP led to the mixing of intercalated and exfoliated microstructures. Screw speed (60 rpm) and zirconium phosphate promoted a slight increase of thermal stability. Crystallization temperature and crystallinity degree were strongly influenced by screw speed and zirconium phosphate. Hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance in the time domain endorsed the existence of polymer/filler interaction. Both screw speed and zirconium phosphate induced changes in glass transition temperature and moduli (storage and loss). Scanning electron microscopy images corroborated the polymer/filler interaction due to the low level of micro void and filler detachment. Crystallographic, thermal, calorimetric, relaxometry and morphologic evaluations endorsed the better effect of high screw speed and good interaction between polypropylene and phosphate.

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“…The selected solvent must be compatible with the polymer resin and be volatile to facilitate the evaporation or distillation processes [ 105 , 108 ]. A wide range of polymers including epoxy [ 109 ], polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) [ 110 ], polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) [ 111 , 112 ], polyethylene (PE) [ 113 , 114 ], polypropylene [ 115 , 116 ], polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) [ 117 , 118 ], polyurethane (PU) [ 119 , 120 ], polystyrene (PS) [ 121 , 122 ] have been explored and found to be suitable for graphene/polymer composite manufacturing via the solution mixing technique. Consequently, polymer resin can intercalate between the graphite layers more easily during the composite fabrication process, thus, resulting in a uniform distribution of graphene or modified graphene materials in the polymer resin [ 123 ].…”

Section: Production Process Of Graphene-based Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on the Production Methods and Applications of Graphene-Based Materials

et al. 2021

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Graphene-based materials in the form of fibres, fabrics, films, and composite materials are the most widely investigated research domains because of their remarkable physicochemical and thermomechanical properties. In this era of scientific advancement, graphene has built the foundation of a new horizon of possibilities and received tremendous research focus in several application areas such as aerospace, energy, transportation, healthcare, agriculture, wastewater management, and wearable technology. Although graphene has been found to provide exceptional results in every application field, a massive proportion of research is still underway to configure required parameters to ensure the best possible outcomes from graphene-based materials. Until now, several review articles have been published to summarise the excellence of graphene and its derivatives, which focused mainly on a single application area of graphene. However, no single review is found to comprehensively study most used fabrication processes of graphene-based materials including their diversified and potential application areas. To address this genuine gap and ensure wider support for the upcoming research and investigations of this excellent material, this review aims to provide a snapshot of most used fabrication methods of graphene-based materials in the form of pure and composite fibres, graphene-based composite materials conjugated with polymers, and fibres. This study also provides a clear perspective of large-scale production feasibility and application areas of graphene-based materials in all forms.

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Mechanical Behavior of Melt-Mixed 3D Hierarchical Graphene/Polypropylene Nanocomposites

Cited by 17 publications

References 86 publications

Electrical, rheological, and mechanical properties copolymer/carbon black composites

Electrical, rheological, and mechanical properties copolymer/carbon black composites

Nano lamellar zirconium phosphate and screw speed changing properties of melt extrusion polypropylene nanocomposites

A Review on the Production Methods and Applications of Graphene-Based Materials

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