Mechanical Behavior of Particle Filled Elastomers

Bergström, Jörgen; Boyce, Mary C.

doi:10.5254/1.3538823

Cited by 261 publications

(170 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…In this work, Young's moduli were compared with theoretical predictions. To interpret the variation of stiffness, the measured Young's moduli were fitted into two models: the Guth model [53] and the Halpin-Tsai model [54], since both provide good predictions at small strain values [55]. The Guth model predicts the stiffness of composites filled with spherical particles, expressed as…”

Section: Modelling the Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Melt compounding with graphene to develop functional, high-performance elastomers

et al. 2013

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Rather than using graphene oxide, which is limited by a high defect concentration and cost due to oxidation and reduction, we adopted cost-effective, 3.56 nm thick graphene platelets (GnPs) of high structural integrity to melt compound with an elastomer-ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber (EPDM)-using an industrial facility. An elastomer is an amorphous, chemically crosslinked polymer generally having rather low modulus and fracture strength but high fracture strain in comparison with other materials; and upon removal of loading, it is able to return to its original geometry, immediately and completely. It was found that most GnPs dispersed uniformly in the elastomer matrix, although some did form clusters. A percolation threshold of electrical conductivity at 18 vol% GnPs was observed and the elastomer thermal conductivity increased by 417% at 45 vol% GnPs. The modulus and tensile strength increased by 710% and 404% at 26.7 vol% GnPs, respectively. The modulus improvement agrees well with the Guth and Halpin-Tsai models. The reinforcing effect of GnPs was compared with silicate layers and carbon nanotube. Our simple fabrication would prolong the service life of elastomeric products used in dynamic loading, thus reducing thermosetting waste in the environment.

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Section: Modelling the Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Melt compounding with graphene to develop functional, high-performance elastomers

et al. 2013

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“…While filler particles are known to alter the mechanical properties of rubber materials, the mechanism by which the alterations occur is still a subject of debate. 6 Today, extensive efforts are being made to unravel the mechanism of rubber reinforcement by fillers and the fracture process of rubber vulcanizates. A complete fundamental understanding of this complex mechanism remains a significant scientific challenge.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-Dimensional Imaging in Polymer Science: Its Application to Block Copolymer Morphologies and Rubber Composites

Dohi¹,

Kimura²,

Kotani³

et al. 2007

Polym J

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ABSTRACT:New methods to visualize polymer morphologies in three-dimension (3D) in polymer science are reviewed. Here we concentrate on one of such 3D imaging technique, transmission electron microtomography (TEMT), and introduce some experimental studies using this novel technique. They are block copolymer morphologies during order-order transition between the two different morphologies and block copolymer thin film morphology also during morphological change due to confinement. Direct visualization of 3D structure of silica particle/rubber composite and related morphological analyses are shown. Subsequently, as a very hot topic of the 3D imaging, we show for the first time to characterize the morphological change in a silica particle/rubber composite upon stretching. It was found that the aggregates of silica particles were broken down upon stretching and many voids were generated near and between the silica particles. Local stress upon stretching inside the composite was inferred from the image intensity of the 3D reconstructed image. The local stress was found not only near the silica particles but also near the top of the voids. The observations indicated that the local stress increases the modulus, causing voids to form along the stretching direction. The thickness of the specimen after the stretching was also estimated from the 3D volume data, which turned out to be non-uniform and thinner than what is expected from the affine deformation. These experimental findings indicate that the rubber composite does not obey the assumption of the affine deformation at the nano-scale. Polymer materials are ubiquitous in our daily life. Such materials often consist of more than one species of polymers and thus become multi-component systems, such as in polymer blends, 1,2 block copolymers, 3 and fillers/polymer composites. 4 The multi-component systems often show phase-separated structures due to immiscibility of constituents. Studies to characterize such morphologies inside the materials have been growing intensively over the past few decades. Academic interest in complex fluids (to which polymeric systems belong) as well as the ceaseless industrial need for developing new materials motivates such studies.In academia, pattern formation and self-assembling processes of multi-component polymer systems are one of the most fascinating research themes in nonlinear, non-equilibrium phenomena.1 Likewise, nanometer-scale periodic structures formed in block copolymers in their equilibrium state are interesting because their self-assembly is driven by the subtle balance between the entropic block chain conformation and enthalpic interaction between the constituents. 3In industry, phase-separated polymer systems provide an important route to achieve superior physical properties. Hence, the structure-property relationship in multi-component polymeric materials is of significant importance, basic studies on which eventually render new designs of polymer materials satisfying the diverse requirements of industry.Filler/polymer comp...

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“…From an initial value close to 200 kPa for samples S0-S2, YM-SRE rapidly increases with the FF concentration until it reaches 20.3% volume FF. The observed increase of YM-SRE is quadratic with the FF concentration for samples S1-S5, as predicted by Bergstrom and Boyce (1999). Conversely, S6 does not follow such tendency.…”

Section: Young's Modulus Of M-srementioning

confidence: 50%

Characterization of Ferrofluid-Based Stimuli-Responsive Elastomers

et al. 2016

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Stimuli-responsive materials undergo physicochemical and/or structural changes when a specific actuation is applied. They are heterogeneous composites, consisting of a non-responsive matrix where functionality is provided by the filler. Surprisingly, the synthesis of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based stimuli-responsive elastomers (SRE) has seldomly been presented. Here, we present the structural, biological, optical, magnetic, and mechanical properties of several magnetic SRE (M-SRE) obtained by combining PDMS and isoparafin-based ferrofluid (FF). Independently of the FF concentration, results have shown a similar aggregation level, with the nanoparticles mostly isolated (>60%). In addition to the superparamagnetic behavior, the samples show no cytotoxicity except the sample with the highest FF concentration. Spectral response shows FF concentrations where both optical readout and magnetic actuation can simultaneously be used. The Young's modulus increases with the FF concentration until the highest FF concentration is used. Our results demonstrate that PDMS can host up to 24.6% FF (corresponding to 2.8% weight of Fe3O4 nanoparticles concentration). Such M-SRE are used to define microsystems -also called soft microsystems due to the use of soft materials as main mechanical structures. In that scenario, a large displacement for relatively low magnetic fields (<0.3 T) is achieved. The herein presented M-SRE characterization can be used for a large number of disciplines where magnetic actuation can be combined with optical detection, mechanical elements, and biological samples.

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Mechanical Behavior of Particle Filled Elastomers

Cited by 261 publications

References 35 publications

Melt compounding with graphene to develop functional, high-performance elastomers

Melt compounding with graphene to develop functional, high-performance elastomers

Three-Dimensional Imaging in Polymer Science: Its Application to Block Copolymer Morphologies and Rubber Composites

Characterization of Ferrofluid-Based Stimuli-Responsive Elastomers

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