Mechanical Behavior of Shale at Different Strain Rates

Hou, Zhenkun; Gutierrez, Marte; Ma, Shuqi; Almrabat, Abdulhadi; Yang, Chunhe

doi:10.1007/s00603-019-01807-7

Cited by 42 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…The decrease of strengths and Young's moduli with decreasing strain rate was also found for several other clayrich rocks. Assuming dislocation glide within clay minerals, the relation between strain rate and strength was expressed by ̇ ∝ exp(α × σ max ) (Chong et al 1980;Chong and Boresi 1990;Ibanez and Kronenberg 1993;Kwon and Kronenberg 1994;Rybacki et al 2015;Herrmann et al 2018;Hou et al 2019). For the empirical constant α, we obtain α p = 0.53 for the sandy facies and α p = 0.6 for the shaly facies measured by Nüesch (1991).…”

Section: Strain Ratementioning

confidence: 99%

“…These values are comparable to the results obtained by Ibanez and Kronenberg (1993) for Wilcox Shale (α p = 0.3, α v = 0.5 and α s = 0.36), Rybacki et al (2015) for Posidonia (Dotternhausen and Wickensen location) Shale (α s = 0.48 and 0.27) as well as for Posidonia (Harderode location) and Bowland Shale (α s = 0.16 and 0.57) (Herrmann et al 2018). At high strain rates, energy dissipation by plastic processes is limited, but an increasing number of micro-cracks are expected to be activated (Chong and Boresi 1990;Hou et al 2019). Cracking and dilatancy are expected to contribute to work hardening until sample failure occurs.…”

Section: Strain Ratementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, shales display an increased crystallographic and shape-preferred orientation of phyllosilicates, resulting in a distinct anisotropy of physical and mechanical properties related to the depositional and diagenetic conditions, mineral composition and thermal maturity (e.g., Chiarelli et al 2000;Wenk et al 2008;Sone and Zoback 2013;Siegesmund et al 2014;Liu et al 2018). Previous experimental studies show that the strength and elastic properties of clay-rich rocks depend on applied confining pressure (e.g., Ibanez and Kronenberg 1993;Niandou et al 1997;Petley 1999;Naumann et al 2007;Herrmann et al 2018), temperature (e.g., Zhang et al 2007;Masri et al 2014;Rybacki et al 2015;Liu et al 2019), strain rate (e.g., Swan et al 1989;Chong and Boresi 1990;Kwon and Kronenberg 1994;Al-Bazali et al 2008;Bonnelye et al 2017a, b;Hou et al 2019), and water content (e.g., Valès et al 2004;Zhang et al 2012;Wild et al 2015;Zhang and Laurich 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental Deformation of Opalinus Clay at Elevated Temperature and Pressure Conditions: Mechanical Properties and the Influence of Rock Fabric

et al. 2021

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The mechanical behavior of the sandy facies of Opalinus Clay (OPA) was investigated in 42 triaxial tests performed on dry samples at unconsolidated, undrained conditions at confining pressures (pc) of 50–100 MPa, temperatures (T) between 25 and 200 °C and strain rates ($$\dot{\varepsilon }$$ ε ˙ ) of 1 × 10–3–5 × 10–6 s−1. Using a Paterson-type deformation apparatus, samples oriented at 0°, 45° and 90° to bedding were deformed up to about 15% axial strain. Additionally, the influence of water content, drainage condition and pre-consolidation was investigated at fixed pc–T conditions, using dry and re-saturated samples. Deformed samples display brittle to semi-brittle deformation behavior, characterized by cataclastic flow in quartz-rich sandy layers and granular flow in phyllosilicate-rich layers. Samples loaded parallel to bedding are less compliant compared to the other loading directions. With the exception of samples deformed 45° and 90° to bedding at pc = 100 MPa, strain is localized in discrete shear zones. Compressive strength (σmax) increases with increasing pc, resulting in an internal friction coefficient of ≈ 0.31 for samples deformed at 45° and 90° to bedding, and ≈ 0.44 for samples deformed parallel to bedding. In contrast, pre-consolidation, drainage condition, T and $$\dot{\varepsilon }$$ ε ˙ do not significantly affect deformation behavior of dried samples. However, σmax and Young’s modulus (E) decrease substantially with increasing water saturation. Compared to the clay-rich shaly facies of OPA, sandy facies specimens display higher strength σmax and Young’s modulus E at similar deformation conditions. Strength and Young’s modulus of samples deformed 90° and 45° to bedding are close to the iso-stress Reuss bound, suggesting a strong influence of weak clay-rich layers on the deformation behavior.

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Section: Strain Ratementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Strain Ratementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental Deformation of Opalinus Clay at Elevated Temperature and Pressure Conditions: Mechanical Properties and the Influence of Rock Fabric

et al. 2021

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“…Tensile specimens were cut according to ASTM E8M shows in figure 2. Tensile testing was performed at room temperature with initial strain rate 1.1×10 −4 s −1 [12].…”

Section: Experimental Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

A mathematical modelling of preheated accumulative roll bonded Al-Al₂O₃ composite sheet

Alanany

Farahat

Abu-Oqail

et al. 2020

Mater. Res. Express

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Accumulative roll bonding (ARB) technique is used in this paper to produce aluminum/alumina composite sheets. Alumina content was added as 1,3 and 5wt%. The produced Al/Al 2 O 3 composite sheets are piled up and processed by accumulative roll bonding (50% reduction) after preheating at 280°C with different regimes (2-8 cycles). Statistical design analysis was applied to examine the effects of alumina content and no. of accumulative roll bonding cycles on the ultimate tensile strength for aluminum/alumina composite sheets. Empirical formulas were deduced to recognize key parameters that controlling tensile behavior. XRD detection was carried out to explore dominant planes controlling plasticity Al/Al 2 O 3 composites. In general, addition of alumina and proceeding different cycles increases strength. FE-SEM microstructure showed that alumina plays important roll on the aluminum sheets during ARB process where the metal of aluminum flow among them producing highly sheared matrix.

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“…Studies have shown that the strain rate has an important impact on the mechanical properties of coal rock [26]. Based on the triaxial compression test (under the fixed confining pressure of 50 MPa), Hou et al [27] conducted a study on the mechanical and failure behavior of shale under different strain rates (5 × 10 −6 s −1 -1 × 10 −3 s −1 ). The results showed that with the increase of strain rate, the peak strength of the sample increases gradually; when the strain rate is less than 1 × 10 −5 s −1 , the single shear failure mode is presented on the failure surface, and when the strain rate is greater than 1 × 10 −5 s −1 , the surface cracks are crisscross and interlinked and distributed in a complex form.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on Mechanical Properties and Cracking Mode of Coal Samples under Compression–Shear Coupled Load Considering the Effect of Loading Rate

Chen

Cui

et al. 2020

Applied Sciences

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Under coupled compression–shear loading, the failure and instability behavior of inclined pillars is different from that of horizontal pillars. To enhance the reliability and accuracy of pillar strength design, the influence of different inclination angles and loading rates on mechanical property and the failure behavior of inclined pillar should be studied. In this paper, the combined compression and shear test (C-CAST) system was developed, and mechanical properties and macro failure behavior of coal samples under different inclination angles and loading rates were studied, and acoustic emission (AE) technology was used to determine the internal cracking mode of the sample. The results show that with the increase of inclination angle, the peak shear stress of coal sample increases gradually, while the peak axial stress and elastic modulus slightly increase first and then decrease, and reach the maximum value at an inclination angle of 5°. Within the inclination angle range of 0°–15°, with the increase of loading rate, the peak axial stress and elastic modulus of coal samples first increase and then decrease, while the loading rate corresponding to peak axial stress and elastic modulus decreases. Within the inclination angle range of 20°–25°, the peak axial stress and elastic modulus of the sample gradually decrease with the increase of loading rate. The failure mode of coal samples changes from tension-splitting failure (0°–5°), tension–shear composite failure (10°) to single shear failure (15°–25°). Meanwhile, the loading rate has little effect on the failure mode of coal samples, but has a significant effect on the failure degree. When the loading rate is 1.0 and 10 mm/min and the inclination angle ranges from 0°–5°, the proportion of tensile crack is significantly greater than that of the shear crack, and tensile failure is the main failure mode; when the inclination angle ranges from 10°–25°, the proportion of shear crack is more than 50% and increases gradually with the increase of inclination angle, and shear failure is the main failure mode. This law is consistent with the macroscopic failure mode of the sample.

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Mechanical Behavior of Shale at Different Strain Rates

Cited by 42 publications

References 56 publications

Experimental Deformation of Opalinus Clay at Elevated Temperature and Pressure Conditions: Mechanical Properties and the Influence of Rock Fabric

Experimental Deformation of Opalinus Clay at Elevated Temperature and Pressure Conditions: Mechanical Properties and the Influence of Rock Fabric

A mathematical modelling of preheated accumulative roll bonded Al-Al₂O₃ composite sheet

Study on Mechanical Properties and Cracking Mode of Coal Samples under Compression–Shear Coupled Load Considering the Effect of Loading Rate

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Mechanical Behavior of Shale at Different Strain Rates

Cited by 42 publications

References 56 publications

Experimental Deformation of Opalinus Clay at Elevated Temperature and Pressure Conditions: Mechanical Properties and the Influence of Rock Fabric

Experimental Deformation of Opalinus Clay at Elevated Temperature and Pressure Conditions: Mechanical Properties and the Influence of Rock Fabric

A mathematical modelling of preheated accumulative roll bonded Al-Al2O3 composite sheet

Study on Mechanical Properties and Cracking Mode of Coal Samples under Compression–Shear Coupled Load Considering the Effect of Loading Rate

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Product

Resources

About

A mathematical modelling of preheated accumulative roll bonded Al-Al₂O₃ composite sheet