Mechanical behaviour of friction stir spot welds of polycarbonate sheets

Lambiase, F.; Paoletti, A.; Ilio, A. Di

doi:10.1007/s00170-015-7007-4

Cited by 62 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Similar results were found by Lambiase et al [10] while joining polycarbonate (PC) sheets by FSSW. Mendes et al [11] studied the effect of tool rotation speed and axial speed on the mechanical properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) welds performed by FSW.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Polycarbonate is an amorphous thermoplastic with a wide range of applications in different industrial fields such as optical industry, automotive, and household applications owing to high strength and toughness. The material is transparent with glass transition temperature T g of 147°C, and it is characterized by high elongation at break of 110 % and tensile strength of 60 MPa [10].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of tool geometry on loads developing in friction stir spot welds of polycarbonate sheets

Lambiase

Paoletti

Ilio

2016

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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Friction stir spot welding (FSSW) experiments were carried out on polycarbonate sheets to assess the influence of the tool geometry on the joining loads and material flow. An instrumented drilling machine was used to measure the plunging load and the torque developing during the process. Different tool geometries were tested involving the variation of the tool pin shape (cylindrical or tapered), diameter of the tool pin, and diameter of the tool shoulder. The analysis of material flow enabled understanding the behavior of the load and torque trends measured during the process, such as the presence of load peaks during the plunging phase and reduced values of the axial pressure during the process. It was discovered that the average axial pressure was higher during pin plunging (such value was mainly determined by the pin diameter) while it dramatically decreased (almost to 1.2 MPa) during shoulder plunging owing to the higher heating resulting from higher tangential speed. The pin taper angle had negligible influence on the plunging load and torque. The tool shoulder influenced the plunging load and torque while it produced a negligible variation in the average axial pressure. On the other hand, the pin diameter influenced both the process loads and the axial pressure.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of tool geometry on loads developing in friction stir spot welds of polycarbonate sheets

Lambiase

Paoletti

Ilio

2016

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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“…Friction stir spot welding uses a rotating punch to heat up the joining partners. This process can be divided in the typical phases preheating, joining, consolidation, waiting and tool retraction [16,17]. Infrared welding is a welding technology that uses an infrared (IR) emitter to heat up the samples.…”

Section: Infrared Weldingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infrared welding of cross-linkable polyamide 66

Leisen¹,

Drummer²

2016

Express Polym. Lett.

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Introduction 1.Radiation cross-linking of polyamide 66Radiation cross-linking is a well-known and established technique for enhancing the properties of thermoplastic polymers. Typical radiation sources are gamma rays, electron beams and X-rays [1]. The radiation induced cross-links between the macromolecules lead to improved physical properties and allow a wide range of industrial applications like for example pipes and tubes, hip joint pans, foams, shrinking-fit products or automotive applications [1][2][3]. In 1952, Charlesby described the influence of radiation on the properties of polyethylene for the first time [4,5]. Subsequent investigations extended the knowledge about radiation cross-linking and the possible material range [6]. The process of cross-linking can be divided into two main reactions. High-energy radiation transfers energy to the atoms and results in an ionization or excitation of the atoms during the primary reaction [1,2]. Further reactions lead to the formation of radicals. These radicals enable cross-linking of the polymer in its amorphous region in a secondary reaction [1,2]. Aside from the formation of covalent bonds, degradation, chain scission and oxidation can occur, possibly causing the material properties to deteriorate [1]. The resulting three dimensional covalent networks between the macromolecules results in an increase in the short-term temperature resistance and a rubbery-elastic behavior above the crystallite melting temperature, Figure 1 [ 7,8]. These covalent bonds also influence the melting and crystallization behavior towards lower temperatures [1,3,8,9]. Aside from polyethylene, other polymers, such as polyamide, can be cross-linked by high energy radiation [6]. In order to attain economical radiation exposure rates, cross-linking agents are needed. These polyfunctional monomers, e.g. triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC), allow a cross-linking at lower and economical radiation Abstract. Radiation cross-linking of polyamide 66 with electron beams alters the material's characteristics. This leads to a varied relationship amongst the process, structure, and properties for infrared welding cross-linked polyamide 66. A threedimensional network of covalent bonds results in an impeded melt flow and altered welding characteristics. Compared to non-cross linked polyamide, a changed energy input in the weld during infrared heating and a reduced meltdown can be observed. Such thermal developments and a reduced meltdown affect the resulting weld strengths. Welding factors of almost 60% of base material strengths can be achieved. A clear influence of the heating time on the weld strength can be observed. The scope of this article is to investigate the influence of radiation cross-linking on the material characteristics and, by extension, the resulting processing and welding characteristics. Mechanical and optical investigations serve to highlight the influence of radiation cross-linking on the infrared welding process of polyamide 66.

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“…Studies on the joinability of rigid thermoplastic polymers with aluminum AA6082-T6 alloy sheets by mechanical clinching have revealed that fracture at the metal or polymer sheet was the main factor contributing to unsuccessful joinability. Joinability has been examined by studying mechanical interlocking manipulated by tool geometry [30], tool shapes [31] or temperature [32]. These studies focused on tool shapes that directly influence mechanical interlocking at the microstructural level.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Surface States on Joining Mechanisms and Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Alloy (A5052) and Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) by Dissimilar Friction Spot Welding

Yusof

Muhamad

Moshwan

et al. 2016

Metals

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Abstract:In this research, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), as a high-density thermoplastic sheet, and Aluminum A5052, as a metal with seven distinct surface roughnesses, were joined by friction spot welding (FSW). The effect of A5052's various surface states on the welding joining mechanism and mechanical properties were investigated. Friction spot welding was successfully applied for the dissimilar joining of PET thermoplastics and aluminum alloy A5052. During FSW, the PET near the joining interface softened, partially melted and adhered to the A5052 joining surface. The melted PET evaporated to form bubbles near the joining interface and cooled, forming hollows. The bubbles have two opposite effects: its presence at the joining interface prevent PET from contacting with A5052, while bubbles or hollows are crack origins that induce crack paths which degrade the joining strength. On the other hand, the bubbles' flow pushed the softened PET into irregularities on the roughened surface to form mechanical interlocking, which significantly improved the strength. The tensile-shear failure load for an as-received surface (0.31 µm R a ) specimen was about 0.4-0.8 kN while that for the treated surface (>0.31 µm R a ) specimen was about 4.8-5.2 kN.

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Mechanical behaviour of friction stir spot welds of polycarbonate sheets

Cited by 62 publications

References 35 publications

Effect of tool geometry on loads developing in friction stir spot welds of polycarbonate sheets

Effect of tool geometry on loads developing in friction stir spot welds of polycarbonate sheets

Infrared welding of cross-linkable polyamide 66

Effect of Surface States on Joining Mechanisms and Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Alloy (A5052) and Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) by Dissimilar Friction Spot Welding

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