“…Characteristic to his research philosophy, a breadth of various damage models has been applied and assessed against highfidelity experimental data. This included the element discount method (where selected stiffness components are locally reduced when a failure criterion is triggered), 66,67,72,82,83,85,90 continuous damage mechanics where damage evolution laws are prescribed to a volume within unit cell, 64,65,89,143 direct modelling of crack propagation using mesh refinement, 91 modelling cracking using a coupled cohesive and embedded elements approach, 144 and even including elements of damage modelling into boundary conditions. 64 Exploring each of the options was accompanied by systematic examination of the limitations and sometimes paradoxes of implementation.…”