Mechanical Characteristics of Heavy vs. Light Load Ballistic Resistance Training in Older Adults

Alcázar, Julián; Sánchez-Martín, C.; Ara, Ignacio; Csapo, Robert; Alegre, Luis M.

doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003826

Cited by 5 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Several practical conclusions can be drawn from this study. Both loading conditions and set configurations provoked within-set velocity losses between 10-15 % [15]. While studies in older adults are missing, the extent of velocity losses observed in this study has been shown to be optimal to induce adaptations in high-velocity actions in young adults [58].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…This could be critical in older adults presenting with medical conditions that may aggravate the acute proinflammatory effects of RT, such us low-grade inflammation [51] or a diminished renal function [52]. The lack of significant differences in markers of muscle damage between loads observed in our study may be associated with the similar velocity losses ( ≤ 15 %) [15]. Although light loads have been related to greater metabolic demand and muscle damage than heavy loads [27,28], results obtained in young adults who exercised with different loads ranging from 50 % to 80 % 1RM suggest that significant This document was downloaded for personal use only.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…This study is an extension of our previous study [15]. However, no variables or exercise responses described here have been reported previously.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…The absence of significant differences in neuromuscular fatigue and functional performance induced by heavy and light loads in our older participants may be explained by several factors. First, the relative power loss or within-set fatigue induced during both loading conditions was very similar (~14 %) [15].This measure has been strongly related with the amount of neuromuscular fatigue provoked in young populations [27,44,45]. Second, the absence of between-load differences, despite the greater mechanical work performed during the LL condition could be attributed to the marked stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) potentiation observed under light loads in older adults [46].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…The participants were requested to perform the concentric phase of each repetition at maximal velocity and the eccentric phase at a rate of 2 and 3 s for HL and LL, respectively. These volume load-matched RT schemes (HL: 4388 ± 1532 repetitions • kg; LL: 4432 ± 1503 repetitions • kg; p > 0.05) have been found to differ in the amount of mechanical work actually performed (HL: 8.8 ± 2.3 kJ; LL: 14.5 ± 5.5 kJ; p < 0.001) but to result in similar within-set losses in repetition velocity (HL: 13.7 ± 7.2 %; LL: 10.5 ± 6.9 %) and power (HL: 13.7 ± 7.0 %; LL: 13.7 ± 10.9 %) (both p > 0.05) [15]. Detailed information about the mechanical characteristics of both RT schemes is presented in ▶Table 1.…”

Section: Power-oriented Resistance Training Sessionsmentioning

confidence: 79%

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Acute Physiological Response to Light- and Heavy-load Power-oriented Exercise in Older Adults

et al. 2021

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This study investigated the acute responses to volume-load-matched heavy-load (80% 1RM) versus light-load (40% 1RM) power-oriented resistance training sessions in well-functioning older adults. Using a randomized cross-over design, 15 volunteers completed each condition on a leg press. Neuromuscular (maximal isometric force and rate of force development) and functional performance (power during sit-to-stand test), lactate, and muscle damage biochemistry (creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and C-reactive protein serum concentration) were assessed pre- and post-exercise. Performance declines were found after heavy-load (Cohen’s d effect size (d); maximal isometric force=0.95 d; rate of force development=1.17 d; sit-to-stand power =0.38 d, all p<0.05) and light-load (maximal isometric force=0.45 d; rate of force development=0.9 d; sit-to-stand power=1.17 d, all p<0.05), while lactate concentration increased only after light-load (1.7 d, p=0.001). However, no differences were found between conditions (all p>0.05). Both conditions increased creatine kinase the day after exercise (marginal effect=0.75 d, p<0.001), but no other blood markers increased (all, p>0.05). Irrespective of the load used, power training induced non-clinically significant decreases in sit-to-stand performance, moderate declines in maximal isometric force, but pronounced decreases in the rate of force development. Furthermore, the metabolic stress and muscle damage were minor; both sessions were generally well tolerated by well-functioning older adults without previous experience in resistance training.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…This study is an extension of our previous study [15]. However, no variables or exercise responses described here have been reported previously.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 64%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Power-oriented Resistance Training Sessionsmentioning

confidence: 79%

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Acute Physiological Response to Light- and Heavy-load Power-oriented Exercise in Older Adults

et al. 2021

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Fast and ballistic contractions involve greater neuromuscular power production in older adults during resistance exercise

et al. 2022

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Purpose Neuromuscular power is critical for healthy ageing. Conventional older adult resistance training (RT) guidelines typically recommend lifting slowly (2-s; CONV), whereas fast/explosive contractions performed either non-ballistically (FAST-NB) or ballistically (FAST-B, attempting to throw the load) may involve greater acute power production, and could ultimately provide a greater chronic power adaptation stimulus. To compare the neuromechanics (power, force, velocity, and muscle activation) of different types of concentric isoinertial RT contractions in older adults. Methods Twelve active older adult males completed three sessions, each randomly assigned to one type of concentric contraction (CONV or FAST-NB or FAST-B). Each session involved lifting a range of loads (20–80%1RM) using an instrumented isoinertial leg press dynamometer that measured power, force, and velocity. Muscle activation was assessed with surface electromyography (sEMG). Results Peak and mean power were markedly different, according to the concentric contraction explosive intent FAST-B > FAST-NB > CONV, with FAST-B producing substantially more power (+ 49 to 1172%, P ≤ 0.023), force (+ 10 to 136%, P < 0.05) and velocity (+ 55 to 483%, P ≤ 0.025) than CONV and FAST-NB contractions. Knee and hip extensor sEMG were typically higher during FAST-B than CON (all P < 0.02) and FAST-NB (≤ 50%1RM, P ≤ 0.001). Conclusions FAST-B contractions produced markedly greater power, force, velocity and muscle activation across a range of loads than both CONV or FAST-NB and could provide a more potent RT stimulus for the chronic development of older adult power.

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Neuromuscular adaptations after 12 weeks of light‐ vs. heavy‐load power‐oriented resistance training in older adults

Alcázar

Sánchez-Martín

Baltasar-Fernandez

et al. 2021

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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This study aimed to determine the specific adaptations provoked by poweroriented resistance training using light (LL-PT, 40% 1-RM) vs. heavy (HL-PT, 80% 1-RM) loads in older adults. Using a randomized within-subject study design, 45 older adults (>65 years) completed an 8-week control period (CTR) followed by 12 weeks of unilateral LL-PT vs. HL-PT on a leg press. The 1-RM, theoretical force at zero velocity (F 0 ), maximal unloaded velocity (V 0 ), and maximal muscle power (P max ) were determined through a force-velocity relationship test. Isometrically, the rate of force development (RFD) and the corresponding muscle excitation of the knee extensor muscles were assessed. In addition, muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and architecture of two quadriceps muscles were determined. Changes after CTR, LL-PT and HL-PT were compared using linear mixed models. HL-PT provoked greater improvements in 1-RM and F 0 (effect size (ES) = 0.55-0.68; p < 0.001) than those observed after LL-PT (ES = 0.27−0.47; p ≤ 0.001) (post hoc treatment effect, p ≤ 0.057). By contrast, ES of changes in V 0 was greater in LL-PT compared to HL-PT (ES = 0.71, p < 0.001 vs. ES = 0.39, p < 0.001), but this difference was not statistically significant. Both power training interventions elicited a moderate increase in P max (ES = 0.65-0.69, p < 0.001). Only LL-PT improved early RFD (ie, ≤100 ms) and muscle excitation (ES = 0.36-0.60, p < 0.05). Increased CSA were noted after both power training programs (ES = 0.13-0.35, p < 0.035), whereas pennation angle increased only after HL-PT (ES = 0.37, p = 0.004). In conclusion, HL-PT seems to be more effective in improving the capability to generate large forces, whereas LL-PT appears to trigger greater gains in movement velocity in older adults. However, both interventions promoted similar increases in muscle power as well as muscle hypertrophy.

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Mechanical Characteristics of Heavy vs. Light Load Ballistic Resistance Training in Older Adults

Abstract: Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text.

Cited by 5 publications

References 38 publications

Acute Physiological Response to Light- and Heavy-load Power-oriented Exercise in Older Adults

Acute Physiological Response to Light- and Heavy-load Power-oriented Exercise in Older Adults

Fast and ballistic contractions involve greater neuromuscular power production in older adults during resistance exercise

Neuromuscular adaptations after 12 weeks of light‐ vs. heavy‐load power‐oriented resistance training in older adults

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