“…The failure can be prevented by the formation of nanocrystals on the surface. In recent decades, this technology has been successfully applied to various metals, such as nickel [2], stainless steel [3][4][5], low carbon steel [6,7], pure iron [8], aluminium and aluminium alloy [9], titanium and titanium alloy [10,11], cobalt [12], Ni 3 Al [13,14], copper and copper alloy [15][16][17][18][19][20], magnesium alloy [21][22][23], and Inconel 600 [24].…”