Mechanical characterization data of polyacrylamide hydrogel formulations and 3D printed PLA for application in human head phantoms

Baker, Anthony J.A.; Galindo, Eric J.; Angelos, James D.; Salazar, Dustin K.; Sterritt, Sorcha M.; Willis, Adam M.; Tartis, Michaelann

doi:10.1016/j.dib.2023.109114

Cited by 2 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…PAA compositions of 7% and 10% (w/v) 60-1 (monomer-to-cross-linker ratio) were chosen to construct a two-layer phantom mimicking the gray and white matter, respectively. The steps for fabricating a brain phantom were similar to those reported previously [42][43][44]. Briefly, degassed DI water was stirred with a monomer (acrylamide (purity ≥ 98.0% (gas chromatography))), cross-linker (N ′ -Methylenebis (acrylamide) (MBA, purity 99%)), initiator (ammonium persulfate (ACS Reagent, ≥98%)), and catalyst (N,N,N ′ ,N ′ -tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED, ReagentPlus, 99%)).…”

Section: Formulation Of Polyacrylamide Hydrogel Brain Phantomsmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Both PAA formulations were tested for Shore OO hardness in accordance with ASTM D2240 after the swelling period for each fabricated phantom [46]. These PAA hydrogels were previously characterized to determine swelling, mechanical, and rheological properties for their applicability to simulate brain tissue [42][43][44].…”

Section: Formulation Of Polyacrylamide Hydrogel Brain Phantomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is also suitable for most optical and acoustic imaging techniques [33,47]. The PAA phantoms mimicked the human brain's gray and white matter tissue by attaining a similar shear modulus under low and high dynamic shear rates conducted by classical oscillatory parallel plate rheometry and magnetic resonance elastography [43,44,48]. The experimental density measurements of the swollen gray and white matter components were 1005 ± 85 kg/m 3 and 1005 ± 47 kg/m 3 , respectively, making it comparable to human (≈1081 kg/m 3 ) and porcine brain matter (≈1040 kg/m 3 ) [49][50][51].…”

Section: Benefits and Limitations Of Paa For Mimicking Brain Tissuementioning

confidence: 99%

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Simultaneous High-Frame-Rate Acoustic Plane-Wave and Optical Imaging of Intracranial Cavitation in Polyacrylamide Brain Phantoms during Blunt Force Impact

Galindo,

Flores,

Mejia-Alvarez

et al. 2024

Bioengineering

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Blunt and blast impacts occur in civilian and military personnel, resulting in traumatic brain injuries necessitating a complete understanding of damage mechanisms and protective equipment design. However, the inability to monitor in vivo brain deformation and potential harmful cavitation events during collisions limits the investigation of injury mechanisms. To study the cavitation potential, we developed a full-scale human head phantom with features that allow a direct optical and acoustic observation at high frame rates during blunt impacts. The phantom consists of a transparent polyacrylamide material sealed with fluid in a 3D-printed skull where windows are integrated for data acquisition. The model has similar mechanical properties to brain tissue and includes simplified yet key anatomical features. Optical imaging indicated reproducible cavitation events above a threshold impact energy and localized cavitation to the fluid of the central sulcus, which appeared as high-intensity regions in acoustic images. An acoustic spectral analysis detected cavitation as harmonic and broadband signals that were mapped onto a reconstructed acoustic frame. Small bubbles trapped during phantom fabrication resulted in cavitation artifacts, which remain the largest challenge of the study. Ultimately, acoustic imaging demonstrated the potential to be a stand-alone tool, allowing observations at depth, where optical techniques are limited.

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Section: Formulation Of Polyacrylamide Hydrogel Brain Phantomsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Formulation Of Polyacrylamide Hydrogel Brain Phantomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Benefits and Limitations Of Paa For Mimicking Brain Tissuementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Simultaneous High-Frame-Rate Acoustic Plane-Wave and Optical Imaging of Intracranial Cavitation in Polyacrylamide Brain Phantoms during Blunt Force Impact

Galindo,

Flores,

Mejia-Alvarez

et al. 2024

Bioengineering

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“…These frequencies are known as dominant frequencies and vary depending on different human tasks. These dominant frequencies are divided into ranges such as Alpha (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12) [58], Beta (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30) [59], Gamma (25-50 Hz) [60], etc. These ranges are selected considering the fact of human subject variations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Various researchers use different methods to construct different layers. The existing phantom materials serve two distinct purposes-one to match the mechanical properties [26,27] and the other to match the electrical properties. Oftentimes, many of the electrically equivalent phantom head materials are not durable, which severely limits its applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrically Equivalent Head Tissue Materials for Electroencephalogram Study on Head Surrogates

Daru,

Rabby,

et al. 2024

Applied Sciences

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With the recent advent of smart wearable sensors for monitoring brain activities in real-time, the scopes for using Electroencephalograms (EEGs) and Magnetoencephalography (MEG) in mobile and dynamic environments have become more relevant. However, their application in dynamic and open environments, typical of mobile wearable use, poses challenges. Presently, there is limited clinical data on using EEG/MEG as wearables. To advance these technologies at a time when large-scale clinical trials are not feasible, many researchers have turned to realistic phantom heads to further explore EEG and MEG capabilities. However, to achieve translational results, such phantom heads should have matching geometric features and electrical properties. Here, we have designed and fabricated multilayer chopped carbon fiber–PDMS reinforced composites to represent phantom head tissues. Two types of phantom layers are fabricated, namely seven-layer and four-layer systems with a goal to achieve matching electrical conductivities in each layer. Desired electrical conductivities are obtained by varying the weight fraction of the carbon fibers in PDMS. Then, the prototype system was calibrated and tested with a 32-electrode EEG cap. The test results demonstrated that the phantom effectively generates a variety of scalp potential patterns, achieved through a finite number of internal dipole generators within the phantom sample. This innovative design holds potential as a valuable test platform for assessing wearable EEG technology as well as developing an EEG analysis process.

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Mechanical characterization data of polyacrylamide hydrogel formulations and 3D printed PLA for application in human head phantoms

Cited by 2 publications

References 9 publications

Simultaneous High-Frame-Rate Acoustic Plane-Wave and Optical Imaging of Intracranial Cavitation in Polyacrylamide Brain Phantoms during Blunt Force Impact

Simultaneous High-Frame-Rate Acoustic Plane-Wave and Optical Imaging of Intracranial Cavitation in Polyacrylamide Brain Phantoms during Blunt Force Impact

Electrically Equivalent Head Tissue Materials for Electroencephalogram Study on Head Surrogates

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