Mechanical Compaction of Porous Sandstone

Wong, Tak‐Lam; Baud, Patrick

doi:10.2516/ogst:1999061

Cited by 102 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Because hydrostatic compression test was not carried out, it may be not the shearenhanced compaction point defined by Zhu and Wong [28]. It is much approximate according to previous results [13,28]. Except sample 7, the points here corresponded to the initial yield points.…”

Section: Mechanical Characteristics and Failure Modesmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Olsson and Holcomb [5,6] observed wide compaction bands in Castlegate sandstone, which grew in thickness with increasing axial load until the entire specimen was covered. Wong and Townend et al [7,13,14] observed narrow compaction bands, which were only a few grains wide. The bands spread across the specimen with increasing applied load, and were interlayered with less deformed materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental study on formation mechanism of compaction bands in weathered rocks with high porosity

Han

Liu

Wang

2013

Sci. China Technol. Sci.

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Since Mollema and Antonellini observed compaction bands in the field in 1996, different patterns of compaction bands have been found in laboratory experiments. There are some discrepancies between the laboratory experiments and the field observations: compared to the field observation, the stress levels required to induce compaction bands in laboratory experiments are usually higher than the inferred in the field, and the grain crushing are more intense in the laboratory experiments. In this paper, compaction bands were observed at the maximal principal stresses below 8 MPa, which is lower than the stress level inferred in the field, and there was no severe comminution inside the compaction bands. Experimental results indicate that the porosity and confining pressure have great impacts on the types of localization bands. Lower porosity and confining pressure can promote the growth of shear bands and high-angle shear bands. Higher porosity and confining pressure can promote the growth of discrete compaction bands. Intermediate porosity and confining pressure are favorable for the growth of hybrid modes involving two of the three, i.e., discrete compaction band, diffuse compaction band and high-angle shear band. The formation of discrete compaction bands is more unstable compared to diffuse compaction bands. The two types of compaction bands can appear in the same type rocks, and diffuse compaction bands are formed under lower confining pressure compared to discrete compaction bands. The reduction of permeability was within 2 orders of magnitude in this study, and it is 23 orders of magnitude lower than those obtained by other researchers. porous rock, compaction band, permeability evolution Citation:Han G F, Liu X L, Wang E Z. Experimental study on formation mechanism of compaction bands in weathered rocks with high porosity.

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Section: Mechanical Characteristics and Failure Modesmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental study on formation mechanism of compaction bands in weathered rocks with high porosity

Han

Liu

Wang

2013

Sci. China Technol. Sci.

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“…Although this relation is defined for anhydrous conditions, experimental work indicates that P* is reduced for water-saturated porous sandstones by a factor that ranges from <5% for a nearly pure quartz sandstone to more than 50% for sandstones rich in feldspar [e.g., Wong and Baud, 1999;Tembe et al, 2008].…”

Section: Driving Stress and Critical Pressure For Band Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The onset of localized compaction C* marks the beginning of a capped yield envelope for the host rock [e.g., Wong et al, 1997]. Assuming an elliptical [e.g., Wong et al, 1997] or teardrop-shaped [e.g., Davis and Selvadurai, 2002;Borja and Aydin, 2004] yield envelope, the ratio of C* to the critical pressure to initiate grain crushing P* [Zhang et al, 1990;Wong and Baud, 1999;Wong et al, 2004] should be in the range of C*/P* ! 0.5.…”

Section: Driving Stress and Critical Pressure For Band Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scaling and paleodepth of compaction bands, Nevada and Utah

Schultz

2009

J. Geophys. Res.

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[1] Measurements of the lengths and thicknesses of compaction bands in Navajo Sandstone from the Buckskin Gulch, Utah, field site demonstrate displacement-length scaling with a power law exponent of $0.5, consistent with previous values obtained independently for compaction bands from the Valley of Fire, southern Nevada, site. Compaction energies calculated in this paper for the Utah bands, G c = 55-120 kJ/m 2 , and for the Nevada bands, G c = 30-60 kJ/m 2 , are consistent with those estimated from laboratory experiments despite major differences in band length, thickness, degree of grain fracturing, and remote stress state. Using the field measurements of bands from both sites in the recently proposed inverse relation between the magnitude of remote bandnormal compression and compaction band thickness predicts values of band-normal compression of 24-30 MPa for the Utah bands and 31-62 MPa for the Nevada bands. Given that compaction bands at both sites are steeply dipping, these values correspond to a regional tectonic compression oriented subhorizontally at the time of band growth. The results suggest that the compaction bands formed at relatively shallow paleodepths of 0.92-1.3 km at the Utah site and 0.54-1.1 km at the Nevada site, in accord with estimates of the thickness of overlying stratigraphic cover during Sevier-Laramide deformation at both sites. Growth of compaction bands at both field sites was likely facilitated by favorable host rock properties (well-sorted, coarse-grained, high-porosity sandstone sequences) deformed within a thrust faulting tectonic environment.

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“…As an integral step in this direction, an understanding of single-grain failure behavior is essential. Experimental studies on time-independent compaction of porous sandstones and sands at room temperature have shown irrecoverable porosity reduction during loading, which increases significantly beyond a specific critical effective pressure (P cr ) [Borg et al, 1960;Chuhan et al, 2003;Dunn et al, 1973;Karner et al, 2003Karner et al, , 2005Lambe and Whitman, 1969;Lee and Farhoomand, 1967;McDowell and Humphreys, 2002;Nakata et al, 2001;Vesíc and Clough, 1968;Wissler and Simmons, 1985;Wong and Baud, 1999;Zhang et al, 1990;Zoback and Byerlee, 1976]. Experiments on sand aggregates and sandstones have shown that the amount of compaction obtained at a given effective pressure generally increases with increasing porosity (8) and increasing grain size (d) [Borg et al, 1960;Chuhan et al, 2002Chuhan et al, , 2003Dunn et al, 1973;Hangx et al, 2010;Karner et al, 2005;Lambe and Whitman, 1969;Lee and Farhoomand, 1967;McDowell and Humphreys, 2002;Nakata et al, 1999;Vesíc and Clough, 1968;Zhang et al, 1990].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Failure behavior of single sand grains: Theory versus experiment

et al. 2011

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[1] Grain-scale brittle fracture and grain rearrangement play an important role in controlling the compaction behavior of reservoir rocks during the early stages of burial. Therefore, the understanding of single-grain failure is important. We performed constant displacement rate crushing tests carried out on selected, well-rounded, single sand grains and on randomly sampled grains from different grain size (d) batches of pure quartz sand. Applying a Hertzian fracture mechanics model for grain crushing, the critical load at failure (F c ) data obtained for the selected grains were converted into an accurate estimate of the size of flaws associated with failure (c f ). Similarly, the distributed F c data obtained from the different batch samples were converted into distributions of grain failure stress. Weibull weakest link theory could not explain the observed grain failure behavior. On the contrary, the Hertzian grain failure criterion enabled the conversion of the distributed F c data, for the batch samples, into distributions of c f , assuming spherical grains, or of "effective" radius of curvature (r g ), characterizing contact surface asperities in the case of nonspherical grains. In contrast to the model of Zhang et al. (1990), our work shows that there is no clear physical basis for a grain size dependence of c f . However, since roundness data for dune sands exhibit a similar relation between r g and d, as seen in our grain size batches, it is inferred that the Hertzian fracture mechanics model assuming nonspherical grains with a distributed r g is the most physically reasonable model for grain failure.

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Mechanical Compaction of Porous Sandstone

Cited by 102 publications

References 39 publications

Experimental study on formation mechanism of compaction bands in weathered rocks with high porosity

Experimental study on formation mechanism of compaction bands in weathered rocks with high porosity

Scaling and paleodepth of compaction bands, Nevada and Utah

Failure behavior of single sand grains: Theory versus experiment

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