Mechanical detection of magnetic resonance

Rugar, D.; Yannoni, C. S.; Sidles, John A.

doi:10.1038/360563a0

Cited by 379 publications

(247 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The ultra-high force sensitivity of the resonator (demonstrated in the atomic force microscope) enables much higher sensitivity to spin magnetization in MRFM and thus much higher spatial resolution than is achievable in conventional MRI. MRFM has been successfully demonstrated in electron spin resonance (ESR) [3][4][5][6][7], ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) [8], and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) [9,10]. For instance, spatial resolution of ∼ 1 µm has been achieved in NMR [9,10], already an order of magnitude better than conventional MRI.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic resonance force microscopy with a ferromagnetic tip mounted on the force detector

Zhang

Hammel

1998

Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

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The Magnetic Resonance Force Microscope (MRFM) presents the opportunity for a magnetic resonance imaging probe with ultra-high, potentially atomic-scale, resolution. The successful application of this technique in detection of nuclear magnetic, electron-spin and ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) highlights its significant potential. We discuss the capabilities of the MRFM with particular emphasis on the detection of FMR using MRFM techniques. A crucial remaining challenge in the development of the magnetic resonance force microscope (MRFM) is to place the magnetic probe on the mechanical resonator. We address the problem of spurious detector response arising from interactions between the magnetic tip and various external applied fields. We show that miniature, magnetically-polarized Nd 2 Fe 14 B particles show promise as magnetic probe tips. Our experience indicates it will be important to minimize the total polarized moment of the magnetic tip and to ensure that the applied fields are as uniform as possible.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic resonance force microscopy with a ferromagnetic tip mounted on the force detector

Zhang

Hammel

1998

Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

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“…In contrast, in magnetic resonance imaging the spatial resolution is not determined by diffraction; rather, it is limited by magnetic field sensitivity, and so can in principle go well below the optical wavelength. The sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging has recently been improved enough to image single cells 3,4 , and magnetic resonance force microscopy 5 has succeeded in detecting single electrons 6 and small nuclear spin ensembles 7 . However, this technique currently requires cryogenic temperatures, which limit most potential biological applications 8 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoscale imaging magnetometry with diamond spins under ambient conditions

Balasubramanian

Chan

Kolesov

et al. 2008

Nature

1,813

1,709

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Magnetic resonance imaging and optical microscopy are key technologies in the life sciences. For microbiological studies, especially of the inner workings of single cells, optical microscopy is normally used because it easily achieves resolution close to the optical wavelength. But in conventional microscopy, diffraction limits the resolution to about half the wavelength. Recently, it was shown that this limit can be partly overcome by nonlinear imaging techniques 1,2 , but there is still a barrier to reaching the molecular scale. In contrast, in magnetic resonance imaging the spatial resolution is not determined by diffraction; rather, it is limited by magnetic field sensitivity, and so can in principle go well below the optical wavelength. The sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging has recently been improved enough to image single cells 3,4 , and magnetic resonance force microscopy 5 has succeeded in detecting single electrons 6 and small nuclear spin ensembles 7 . However, this technique currently requires cryogenic temperatures, which limit most potential biological applications 8 . Alternatively, single-electron spin states can be detected optically 9,10 , even at room temperature in some systems [11][12][13][14] . Here we show how magneto-optical spin detection can be used to determine the location of a spin associated with a single nitrogen-vacancy centre in diamond with nanometre resolution under ambient conditions. By placing these nitrogen-vacancy spins in functionalized diamond nanocrystals, biologically specific magnetofluorescent spin markers can be produced. Significantly, we show that this nanometre-scale resolution can be achieved without any probes located closer than typical cell dimensions. Furthermore, we demonstrate the use of a single diamond spin as a scanning probe magnetometer to map nanoscale magnetic field variations. The potential impact of single-spin imaging at room temperature is far-reaching. It could lead to the capability to probe biologically relevant spins in living cells.The nitrogen-vacancy centre in diamond is a unique solid state system that allows ultrasensitive and rapid detection of single electronic spin states under ambient conditions 12 . The nitrogen-vacancy defect is a naturally occurring impurity that is responsible for the pink colouration of diamond crystals when present in high concentration. It was demonstrated that this colour centre can be produced in diamond nanocrystals by electron irradiation. Fluorescing nitrogen-vacancy diamond nanocrystals can be used as markers for bioimaging applications 15 . Such markers have attracted widespread interest because of their unprecedented photostability and non-toxicity 16,17 . It was recognized recently that the magnetic properties of such fluorescent labels can in principle be used for novel microscopy 18,19 . Here we demonstrate the realization of a magneto-optic microscope using nitrogen-vacancy diamond as the magnetic fluorescent label that moreover does not bleach or blink. Figure 1c and d show the fluorescenc...

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“…All early experiments were performed this way for convenience. A flurry of activity followed the initial demonstration that microcantilevers could be used to detect electron spin resonance 36 and nuclear magnetic resonance. 37 The purpose of this section is to detail key experiments and ideas in magnetic resonance force microscopy that have been developed since the comprehensive review of Ref.…”

Section: Recent Advances In Mechanically Detected Magnetic Resonmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…36 To improve sensitivity, a custom-fabricated, low spring constant, 90-nm-thick silicon nitride cantilever with a record low intrinsic friction was harnessed in the first demonstration of mechanically detected NMR. 37 These experiments inspired the development of cantilevers with vastly improved sensitivity.…”

Section: A Sensitivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in mechanical detection of magnetic resonance

Kuehn

Hickman

Marohn

2008

The Journal of Chemical Physics

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The invention and initial demonstration of magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM) in the early 1990s launched a renaissance of mechanical approaches to detecting magnetic resonance. This article reviews progress made in MRFM in the last decade, including the demonstration of scanned probe detection of magnetic resonance (electron spin resonance, ferromagnetic resonance, and nuclear magnetic resonance) and the mechanical detection of electron spin resonance from a single spin. Force and force-gradient approaches to mechanical detection are reviewed and recent related work using attonewton sensitivity cantilevers to probe minute fluctuating electric fields near surfaces is discussed. Given recent progress, pushing MRFM to single proton sensitivity remains an exciting possibility. We will survey some practical and fundamental issues that must be resolved to meet this challenge.

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Mechanical detection of magnetic resonance

Cited by 379 publications

References 16 publications

Magnetic resonance force microscopy with a ferromagnetic tip mounted on the force detector

Magnetic resonance force microscopy with a ferromagnetic tip mounted on the force detector

Nanoscale imaging magnetometry with diamond spins under ambient conditions

Advances in mechanical detection of magnetic resonance

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