Mechanical difference between white and gray matter in the rat cerebellum measured by scanning force microscopy

Christ, Andreas; Franze, Kristian; Gautier, Hélène; Moshayedi, Pouria; Fawcett, James W.; Franklin, Robin J.M.; Káradóttir, Ragnhildur Thóra; Guck, Jochen

doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.07.002

Cited by 226 publications

(246 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…We noted that the conventional slice preparation method, which has been used for previous AFM measurements of postnatal brain tissue (Elkin et al, 2007;Christ et al, 2010), was not suitable to maintain an intact tissue structure because of the fragility of embryonic brain (supplementary material Fig. S2A).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Its stiffness in the postnatal stage has been examined previously in the rodent cerebral cortex (Elkin et al, 2010), the hippocampus (Elkin et al, 2007) and the cerebellum (Christ et al, 2010), although it has never been measured at developing stages (Franze, 2013). Interestingly, previous studies have demonstrated that culturing mesenchymal stem cells (Engler et al, 2006) and human pluripotent stem cells (Keung et al, 2012) on material that mimics the softness of the brain results in the induction of neural fate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Systematic profiling of spatiotemporal tissue and cellular stiffness in the developing brain

et al. 2014

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Accumulating evidence implicates the significance of the physical properties of the niche in influencing the behavior, growth and differentiation of stem cells. Among the physical properties, extracellular stiffness has been shown to have direct effects on fate determination in several cell types in vitro. However, little evidence exists concerning whether shifts in stiffness occur in vivo during tissue development. To address this question, we present a systematic strategy to evaluate the shift in stiffness in a developing tissue using the mouse embryonic cerebral cortex as an experimental model. We combined atomic force microscopy measurements of tissue and cellular stiffness with immunostaining of specific markers of neural differentiation to correlate the value of stiffness with the characteristic features of tissues and cells in the developing brain. We found that the stiffness of the ventricular and subventricular zones increases gradually during development. Furthermore, a peak in tissue stiffness appeared in the intermediate zone at E16.5. The stiffness of the cortical plate showed an initial increase but decreased at E18.5, although the cellular stiffness of neurons monotonically increased in association with the maturation of the microtubule cytoskeleton. These results indicate that tissue stiffness cannot be solely determined by the stiffness of the cells that constitute the tissue. Taken together, our method profiles the stiffness of living tissue and cells with defined characteristics and can therefore be utilized to further understand the role of stiffness as a physical factor that determines cell fate during the formation of the cerebral cortex and other tissues.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic profiling of spatiotemporal tissue and cellular stiffness in the developing brain

et al. 2014

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“…Within a pH range that support dissociation of sodium alginate in aqueous solutions, fluctuations in the pH or ionic strength of the solution and drying of the alginates did not affect neural growth on/within the hydrogel, but gelation in the presence of NaCl enabled the generation of mechanically stable and soft 3D matrices with mechanical compliance close to brain tissue ( £ 1.5 kPa) that could be tested in the future as neural bridges in vivo. [52][53][54] Mechanical compliance of the substrate determines many aspects of cellular behavior, cell morphology, and gene expression. 27,55 We previously demonstrated that soft, but not stiff alginate hydrogels were able to create an adhesive matrix for primary neurons.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Swelling and Mechanical Properties of Alginate Hydrogels with Respect to Promotion of Neural Growth

Matyash

Despang²,

Ikonomidou³

et al. 2014

Tissue Engineering Part C: Methods

119

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Soft alginate hydrogels support robust neurite outgrowth, but their rapid disintegration in solutions of high ionic strength restricts them from long-term in vivo applications. Aiming to enhance the mechanical stability of soft alginate hydrogels, we investigated how changes in pH and ionic strength during gelation influence the swelling, stiffness, and disintegration of a three-dimensional (3D) alginate matrix and its ability to support neurite outgrowth. Hydrogels were generated from dry alginate layers through ionic crosslinks with Ca 2 + ( £ 10 mM) in solutions of low or high ionic strength and at pH 5.5 or 7.4. High-and low-viscosity alginates with different molecular compositions demonstrated pH and ionic strength-independent increases in hydrogel volume with decreases in Ca 2 + concentrations from 10 to 2 mM. Only soft hydrogels that were synthesized in the presence of 150 mM of NaCl (Ca-alginate NaCl ) displayed long-term volume stability in buffered physiological saline, whereas analogous hydrogels generated in NaCl-free conditions (Ca-alginate) collapsed. The stiffnesses of Ca-alginate NaCl hydrogels elevated from 0.01 to 19 kPa as the Ca 2 + -concentration was raised from 2 to 10 mM; however, only Ca-alginate NaCl hydrogels with an elastic modulus £ 1.5 kPa that were generated with £ 4 mM of Ca 2 + supported robust neurite outgrowth in primary neuronal cultures. In conclusion, soft Ca-alginate NaCl hydrogels combine mechanical stability in solutions of high ionic strength with the ability to support neural growth and could be useful as 3D implants for neural regeneration in vivo.

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“…As vascular tissues are internal plant organs, this required nanoindentation experiments to be performed on sectioned material. This approach has been successfully applied to sections of brain and insect wing (Christ et al, 2010;Sun et al, 2006).…”

Section: Nanomechanical Testing Of Phloem Tissues In Miscanthus In Rementioning

confidence: 99%

Branched Pectic Galactan in Phloem-Sieve-Element Cell Walls: Implications for Cell Mechanics

et al. 2017

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A major question in plant biology concerns the specification and functional differentiation of cell types. This is in the context of constraints imposed by networks of cell walls that both adhere cells and contribute to the form and function of developing organs. Here, we report the identification of a glycan epitope that is specific to phloem sieve element cell walls in several systems. A monoclonal antibody, designated LM26, binds to the cell wall of phloem sieve elements in stems of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), Miscanthus x giganteus, and notably sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) roots where phloem identification is an important factor for the study of phloem unloading of Suc. Using microarrays of synthetic oligosaccharides, the LM26 epitope has been identified as a b-1,6-galactosyl substitution of b-1,4-galactan requiring more than three backbone residues for optimized recognition. This branched galactan structure has previously been identified in garlic (Allium sativum) bulbs in which the LM26 epitope is widespread throughout most cell walls including those of phloem cells. Garlic bulb cell wall material has been used to confirm the association of the LM26 epitope with cell wall pectic rhamnogalacturonan-I polysaccharides. In the phloem tissues of grass stems, the LM26 epitope has a complementary pattern to that of the LM5 linear b-1,4-galactan epitope, which is detected only in companion cell walls. Mechanical probing of transverse sections of M. x giganteus stems and leaves by atomic force microscopy indicates that phloem sieve element cell walls have a lower indentation modulus (indicative of higher elasticity) than companion cell walls.

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Mechanical difference between white and gray matter in the rat cerebellum measured by scanning force microscopy

Cited by 226 publications

References 34 publications

Systematic profiling of spatiotemporal tissue and cellular stiffness in the developing brain

Systematic profiling of spatiotemporal tissue and cellular stiffness in the developing brain

Swelling and Mechanical Properties of Alginate Hydrogels with Respect to Promotion of Neural Growth

Branched Pectic Galactan in Phloem-Sieve-Element Cell Walls: Implications for Cell Mechanics

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