Mechanical Drawing of Gas Sensors on Paper

Mirica, Katherine A.; Weis, Johannes; Schnorr, Jan M.; Esser, Birgit; Swager, Timothy M.

doi:10.1002/anie.201206069

Cited by 161 publications

(145 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…First, we disrupt the electronic circuit of the tag, rendering the tag unreadable, by removing a section of the conductive aluminum that connects the IC to the capacitor with a hole puncher. Then, we recomplete the LCR circuit with conductive nanocarbon-based chemiresponsive materials deposited by mechanical abrasion (16) (Fig. 1).…”

Section: Fabrication and Characterization Of Cardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wireless gas detection with a smartphone via rf communication

Azzarelli

Mirica

Ravnsbæk

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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142

103

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Chemical sensing is of critical importance to human health, safety, and security, yet it is not broadly implemented because existing sensors often require trained personnel, expensive and bulky equipment, and have large power requirements. This study reports the development of a smartphone-based sensing strategy that employs chemiresponsive nanomaterials integrated into the circuitry of commercial near-field communication tags to achieve non-line-of-sight, portable, and inexpensive detection and discrimination of gas-phase chemicals (e.g., ammonia, hydrogen peroxide, cyclohexanone, and water) at part-per-thousand and part-per-million concentrations.RFID | NFC | sensor | nanomaterials | wireless P ortable chemical sensors are needed to manage and protect the environment (1), human health (2, 3), and quality of life (4). Examples include sensors for point-of-care diagnosis of disease (5), detection of explosives and chemical warfare agents (6), indication of food ripening and spoilage (7), and monitoring of environmental pollution (1). Connecting sensors with information technology through wireless rf communication is a promising approach to enable cost-effective onsite chemical detection and analysis (8). Although rf technology has been recently applied toward wireless chemical sensing, current approaches have several limitations, including lack of specificity to selected chemical analytes, requirements for expensive, bulky, fragile, and operationally complex impedance and network analyzers, and reliance on extensive data processing and analysis (8-13). We report herein the adaptation of a nascent technology embedded in modern smartphones-near-field communication (NFC)-for wireless electronic, portable, non-line-of-sight selective detection of gasphase chemicals ( Fig. 1 and Fig. S1). We demonstrate this concept by (i) incorporating carbon-based chemiresponsive materials into the electronic circuitry of commercial NFC tags by mechanical drawing and (ii) using an NFC-enabled smartphone to relay information regarding the chemical environment (e.g., presence or absence of a chemical) surrounding the NFC tag. This paper illustrates the ability to detect and differentiate partper-million (ppm) concentrations of ammonia, cyclohexanone, and hydrogen peroxide. We demonstrate the ability to couple wireless acquisition and transduction of chemical information with existing smartphone functions [e.g., Global Positioning System (GPS)] (Movie S1).Many commercial smartphones and mobile devices are equipped with NFC hardware configured to communicate wirelessly with NFC "tags"-simple electrical resonant circuits comprising inductive (L), capacitive (C), and resistive (R) elements on a plastic substrate (Fig. 1). The smartphone, such as the Samsung Galaxy S4 (SGS4) used in this study, communicates with the battery-free tag by powering its integrated circuit (IC) via inductive coupling at 13.56 MHz (14). Power transferred from the smartphone to the IC is, among other variables, a function of the transmission frequency (f), the re...

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Section: Fabrication and Characterization Of Cardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wireless gas detection with a smartphone via rf communication

Azzarelli

Mirica

Ravnsbæk

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

Self Cite

142

103

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“…There are a number of recently established techniques for patterning electrodes, 18 wires, 30 and piezoresistors 31 on paper, including screen printing 32,33 direct-writing with a pen/pencil dispensing conductive material, 34,35 physical deposition of metals, or spraying conductive inks through stencils. 30 These patterning techniques can also be used to form resistive heating elements on paper.…”

Section: Paper-based Electronic Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paper-based electroanalytical devices for accessible diagnostic testing

Maxwell

Mazzeo

Whitesides³

2013

MRS Bull.

187

126

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“…This printing technique is useful for rapid prototyping and mass customization of electronic devices because it does not require custom-patterned components, such as screens, stencils, and masks. This pen-onpaper approach was first introduced by Russo et al 50 and was further developed by Mirica et al 53 to draw gas sensors on paper. In conjunction with the craft plotter, this approach afforded us a high degree of reproducibility in the printing of the electrodes, a high degree of flexibility in modifying and optimizing the design of the electrodes, and a fast method of fabricating relatively large numbers of electrodes (∼10 min to print a file comprising 70 three-electrode cells) (see Figure S3 in the Supporting Information).…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Folding Analytical Devices for Electrochemical ELISA in Hydrophobic R^H Paper

et al. 2014

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This work describes a device for electrochemical enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) designed for low-resource settings and diagnostics at the point of care. The device is fabricated entirely in hydrophobic paper, produced by silanization of paper with decyl trichlorosilane, and comprises two zones separated by a central crease: an embossed microwell, on the surface of which the antigen or antibody immobilization and recognition events occur, and a detection zone where the electrodes are printed. The two zones are brought in contact by folding the device along this central crease; the analytical signal is recorded from the folded configuration. Two proof-of-concept applications, an electrochemical direct ELISA for the detection of rabbit IgG as a model antigen in buffer and an electrochemical sandwich ELISA for the detection of malarial histidine-rich protein from Plasmodium falciparum (Pf HRP2) in spiked human serum, show the versatility of this device. The limit of detection of the electrochemical sandwich ELISA for the quantification of Pf HRP2 in spiked human serum was 4 ng mL −1 (10 2 pmol L −1 ), a value within the range of clinically relevant concentrations.

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Mechanical Drawing of Gas Sensors on Paper

Cited by 161 publications

References 34 publications

Wireless gas detection with a smartphone via rf communication

Wireless gas detection with a smartphone via rf communication

Paper-based electroanalytical devices for accessible diagnostic testing

Folding Analytical Devices for Electrochemical ELISA in Hydrophobic R^H Paper

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Mechanical Drawing of Gas Sensors on Paper

Cited by 161 publications

References 34 publications

Wireless gas detection with a smartphone via rf communication

Wireless gas detection with a smartphone via rf communication

Paper-based electroanalytical devices for accessible diagnostic testing

Folding Analytical Devices for Electrochemical ELISA in Hydrophobic RH Paper

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Product

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Folding Analytical Devices for Electrochemical ELISA in Hydrophobic R^H Paper