Mechanical exfoliation of two-dimensional materials

Gao, Enlai; Lin, Shao-Zhen; Qin, Zhao; Buehler, Markus J.; Feng, Xi‐Qiao; Xu, Zhiping

doi:10.1016/j.jmps.2018.03.014

Cited by 183 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…With the increasing demands for nanoactuator devices and the discovery of two-dimensional materials (2DMs) [14][15][16][17][18] , 2DMbased actuators have attracted considerable interests. Remarkable achievements made by Liu and his coworkers [19][20][21] demonstrate that graphene and graphene oxide (GO) exhibit extraordinary electromechanical performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-performance phosphorene electromechanical actuators

Deng

Jia

et al. 2020

npj Comput Mater

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Phosphorene, a two-dimensional material that can be exfoliated from black phosphorus, exhibits remarkable mechanical, thermal, electronic, and optical properties. In this work, we demonstrate that the unique structure of pristine phosphorene endows this material with exceptional quantum-mechanical performance by using first-principles calculations. Upon charge injection, the maximum actuation stress is 7.0 GPa, corresponding to the maximum actuation strain as high as 36.6% that is over seven times larger than that of graphene (4.7%) and comparable with natural muscle (20-40%). Meanwhile, the maximum volumetric work density of phosphorene (207.7 J/cm 3 ) is about three orders of magnitude larger than natural muscle (0.008-0.04 J/cm 3 ) and approximately six times larger than graphene (35.3 J/cm 3 ). The underlying mechanism of this exceptional electromechanical performance in phosphorene is well revealed from the analysis of atomic structure and electronic structure. Finally, the influence of charge on the mechanical behaviors of phosphorene is examined by mechanical tests, indicating the sufficient structural integrity of phosphorene under the combined electromechanical loading. These findings shed light on phosphorene for promising applications in developing nanoelectromechanical actuators.npj Computational Materials (2020) 6:27 ; https://doi.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-performance phosphorene electromechanical actuators

Deng

Jia

et al. 2020

npj Comput Mater

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“…Due to the pure peeling conditions imposed here, where the nanofiber is pulled normal to the surface, the bending rigidity plays a more important role than the axial stiffness of the nanofibers. 32,35 In Fig. 2a, we could observe that there are three regions divided by two dashed lines originating from the origin.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…In continuum mechanics, peeling an elastic or viscoelastic strip from the substrate is widely studied. [32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43] When the substrate is highly adhesive, the peeling front of the strip will have a very small radius of curvature, meaning that the maximum principal strain and maximum principal stress are localized in this region and are larger than the rest of the nanofiber. The local material will store extra elastic energy comparable to the local adhesive energy.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are comprehensive studies which theoretically and numerically analyze the process of peeling an isotropic and linearly elastic 2D strip or sheet from a flat and rigid substrate. 32,35 Under pure peeling, the local bending energy density, which governs the additional detachment penalty, is proportional to the composite variable ffiffiffiffiffiffi γEI p , where γ is the interfacial energy density between the 2D sheet and the substrate, and EI is the out-of-plane bending stiffness, 35 which is proportional to the persistence length of amyloid nanofibers. 47 The key take away from this analysis is that both the adhesive energy, as well as the persistence length explicitly play a role on the detachment mechanism of an amyloid nanofiber from the surface.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adhesive behavior and detachment mechanisms of bacterial amyloid nanofibers

Wang

Keten

2019

npj Comput Mater

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Amyloid nanofibers, such as curli nanofibers, have proven capable of adhering strongly to abiotic surfaces. However, the adhesive performance of individual nanofibers and the dependence of this performance on physical properties remain to be characterized. We carried out coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to determine the detachment mechanisms of single amyloid fibers from surfaces. Taking a generic model inspired from the curli nanofiber subunit CsgA, we discover that the amyloid nanofibers can undergo three different peeling processes when pulled at a constant rate normal to the surface. Computational phase diagrams built from parametric studies indicate that strong nanofibers with high cohesive energy detach by peeling smoothly away from the substrate while weak fibers break prematurely. At intermediate ratios, hinge formation occurs and the work of peeling the nanofiber is twice the adhesive energy due to the additional energy required to bend the nanofiber during desorption. Varying the geometry of amyloid subunits revealed that the work of peeling decreases for thicker nanofibers, suggesting that the tape-like monomeric structure of amyloids may facilitate better adhesive performance. Our results demonstrate how the dimensions and adhesive and cohesive properties of the amyloid nanofibers can be optimized to resist mechanical peeling.npj Computational Materials (2019) 5:29 ; https://doi.

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“…Initial work on TMDs proceeded similarly, with geologic 3D crystals of the material in question serving as the source [1,18]. However, exfoliated samples cannot be controllably made large and in a uniform and repeatable way [19]; the few-atom thick nature of TMDs and the relative size of peeling force involved render the peeled atomic layers extremely fragile and highly susceptible to exfoliation in random shapes and sizes [18]. Quality, scalability, and reliability are key for meaningful industrial applications, but also to facilitate faster progress in fundamental studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large area few-layer TMD film growths and their applications

2020

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Research on 2D materials is one of the core themes of modern condensed matter physics. Prompted by the experimental isolation of graphene, much attention has been given to the unique optical, electronic, and structural properties of these materials. In the past few years, semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have attracted increasing interest due to properties such as direct band gaps and intrinsically broken inversion symmetry. Practical utilization of these properties demands large-area synthesis. While films of graphene have been by now synthesized on the order of square meters, analogous achievements are difficult for TMDs given the complexity of their growth kinetics. This article provides an overview of methods used to synthesize films of mono-and few-layer TMDs, comparing spatial and time scales for the different growth strategies. A special emphasis is placed on the unique applications enabled by such large-scale realization, in fields such as electronics and optics.

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Mechanical exfoliation of two-dimensional materials

Cited by 183 publications

References 51 publications

High-performance phosphorene electromechanical actuators

High-performance phosphorene electromechanical actuators

Adhesive behavior and detachment mechanisms of bacterial amyloid nanofibers

Large area few-layer TMD film growths and their applications

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