Mechanical Forces in Floral Development

Bull–Hereñu, Kester; Santos, Patrícia dos; Toni, João Felipe Ginefra; Ottra, Juliana Hanna Leite El; Thaowetsuwan, Pakkapol; Jeiter, Julius; Craene, Louis P. Ronse De; Iwamoto, Akitoshi

doi:10.3390/plants11050661

Cited by 29 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 120 publications

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“…Some images even suggest a crescent-shaped outline of the young flower tightly packed between the cyme-subtending bract and the thyrse axis. Refined mathematical modelling of early flower development in Polygonaceae may shed new light on the problem, especially when considering aspects of pre-patterning as well as mechanical pressure and the peculiar shape of the floral apex ( Choob and Yurtseva, 2007 ; Ronse De Craene, 2018 ; Bull-Hereñu et al., 2022 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproductive development of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) and its wild relatives provides insights into their evolutionary biology

et al. 2023

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IntroductionUnderstanding the complex inflorescence architecture and developmental morphology of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) is crucial for crop yield. However, most published descriptions of early flower and inflorescence development in Polygonaceae are based on light microscopy and often documented by line drawings. In Fagopyrum and many other Polygonaceae, an important inflorescence module is the thyrse, in which the primary axis never terminates in a flower and lateral cymes (monochasia) produce successively developing flowers of several orders. Each flower of a cyme is enclosed together with the next-order flower by a bilobed sheathing bract-like structure of controversial morphological nature.MethodsWe explored patterns of flower structure and arrangement in buckwheat and its wild relatives, using comparative morphology, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microtomography.ResultsOur data support interpretation of the sheathing bract as two congenitally fused phyllomes (prophylls), one of which subtends a next-order flower. In tepal-like bract, a homeotic mutant of F. esculentum, the bilobed sheathing bract-like organ acquires tepal-like features and is sometimes replaced by two distinct phyllomes. Wild representatives of F. esculentum (ssp. ancestrale) and most cultivars of common buckwheat possess an indeterminate growth type with lateral thyrses produced successively on the primary inflorescence axis until cessation of growth. In contrast, determinate cultivars of F. esculentum develop a terminal thyrse after producing lateral thyrses. In contrast to F. esculentum, the occurrence of a terminal thyrse does not guarantee a determinate growth pattern in F. tataricum. The number of lateral thyrses produced before the terminal thyrse on the main axis of F. tataricum varies from zero to c. 19.DiscussionThe nine stages of early flower development formally recognized here and our outline of basic terminology will facilitate more standardized and readily comparable descriptions in subsequent research on buckwheat biology. Non-trivial relative arrangements of tepals and bracteoles in Fagopyrum and some other Polygonaceae require investigation using refined approaches to mathematical modelling of flower development. Our data on inflorescence morphology and development suggest contrasting evolutionary patterns in the two main cultivated species of buckwheat, F. esculentum and F. tataricum. The genus Fagopyrum offers an excellent opportunity for evo-devo studies related to inflorescence architecture.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproductive development of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) and its wild relatives provides insights into their evolutionary biology

et al. 2023

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“…Furthermore, the bases of the falls and standards are united into a perianth tube, providing an opportunity for developmental interactions. Morphogenetic effects in response to mechanical forces have been widely found and mechanisms identified for them (Braam, 2005; Bull‐Hereñu et al, 2022; Hervieux et al, 2016; Trinh et al, 2021). In the present context, asymmetries imparted in this way on the standards and style branches could be considered as a subtle form of what Endress (2008) called “imprinted shape.” Note, however, that any such interpretation must remain tentative until more direct evidence becomes available.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Directional asymmetry and direction‐giving factors: Lessons from flowers with complex symmetry

Budečević

Jovanović

Vuleta

et al. 2022

Evolution and Development

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Directional asymmetry is a systematic difference between the left and right sides for structures with bilateral symmetry or a systematic differentiation among repeated parts for complex symmetry. This study explores factors that produce directional asymmetry in the flower of Iris pumila, a structure with complex symmetry that makes it possible to investigate multiple such factors simultaneously. The shapes and sizes of three types of floral organs, the falls, standards, and style branches, were quantified using the methods of geometric morphometrics. For each flower, this study recorded the compass orientations of floral organs as well as their anatomical orientations relative to the two spathes subtending each flower. To characterize directional asymmetry at the whole‐flower level, differences in the average sizes and shapes according to compass orientation and relative orientation were computed, and the left–right asymmetry was also evaluated for each individual organ. No size or shape differences within flowers were found in relation to anatomical position; this may relate to the terminal position of flowers in Iris pumila, suggesting that there may be no adaxial–abaxial polarity, which is very prominent in many other taxa. There was clear directional asymmetry of shape in relation to compass orientation, presumably driven by a consistent environmental gradient such as solar irradiance. There was also clear directional asymmetry between left and right halves of every floral organ, most likely related to the arrangement of organs in the bud. These findings indicate that different factors are acting to produce directional asymmetry at different levels. In conventional analyses not recording flower orientations, these effects would be impossible to disentangle from each other and would probably be included as part of fluctuating asymmetry.

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“…The connection between form, development and applied maths, translated as forces or stresses, is crucial [59,60]. A recent paper describes the formation of floral organs as the result of differential responses to mechanical forces is [61] and we now can find a link between mechanical stresses and geometrical description.…”

Section: P7-p9: Mathematical Physics and Computationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They are all examples of the simplest Minkowski geometry (Eq. (5a), [61]) [64], and the simplest Riemann-Finsler metrics (Eq. ( 5b)) [57]:…”

Section: Universal Natural Shapesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Universal Equations – A Fresh Perspective

Gielis¹,

Shi²,

Caratelli³

2022

GANDF

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A uniform description of natural shapes and phenomena is an important goal in science. Such description should check some basic principles, related to 1) the complexity of the model, 2) how well its fits real objects, phenomena and data, and 3) a direct connection with optimization principles and the calculus of variations. In this article, we present nine principles, three for each group, and we compare some models with a claim to universality. It is also shown that Gielis Transformations and power laws have a common origin in conic sections.

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Mechanical Forces in Floral Development

Cited by 29 publications

References 120 publications

Reproductive development of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) and its wild relatives provides insights into their evolutionary biology

Reproductive development of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) and its wild relatives provides insights into their evolutionary biology

Directional asymmetry and direction‐giving factors: Lessons from flowers with complex symmetry

Universal Equations – A Fresh Perspective

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