Mechanical performance and bioactivation of 3D-printed PEEK for high-performance implant manufacture: a review

Rendas, Pedro; Figueiredo, Lígia; Machado, Carla M.; Mourão, António; Vidal, Catarina; Soares, Bruno

doi:10.1007/s40204-022-00214-6

Cited by 18 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 136 publications

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“…Specifically, the elastic modulus of PEEK is similar to that of human cortical bone [ 11 ]. Additionally, PEEK implants can effectively support body weight without causing side effects such as stiffness, reduced elasticity, compromised tensile strength, or susceptibility to abrasion, distortion, and fatigue, thus enabling them to coexist harmoniously with human bone [ 12 , 13 ]. Li and Zenobi et al utilized the solid phase of PEEK from the hydroxylated metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that were obtained from various matrices (acid/enzymatic hydrolysis solution, urine, etc.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Peptide Conjugated on Graphene Oxide-Containing Sulfonated Polyetheretherketone Substrate for Effective Antibacterial Activities against Staphylococcus aureus

Kumar,

Hu,

et al. 2023

Antibiotics

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In the present study, the antimicrobial peptide nisin was successfully conjugated onto the surface of sulfonated polyetheretherketone (SPEEK), which was decorated with graphene oxide (GO) to investigate its biofilm resistance and antibacterial properties. The PEEK was activated with sulfuric acid, resulting in a porous structure. The GO deposition fully covered the porous SPEEK specimen. The nisin conjugation was accomplished using the crosslinker 1–ethyl–3–(3–dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) through a dip-coating method. The surface micrographs of the SPEEK-GO-nisin sample indicated that nisin formed discrete islets on the flat GO surface, allowing both the GO and nisin to perform a bactericidal effect. The developed materials were tested for bactericidal efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The SPEEK-GO-nisin sample had the highest antibacterial activity with an inhibition zone diameter of 27 mm, which was larger than those of the SPEEK-nisin (19 mm) and SPEEK-GO (10 mm) samples. Conversely, no inhibitory zone was observed for the PEEK and SPEEK samples. The surface micrographs of the bacteria-loaded SPEEK-GO-nisin sample demonstrated no bacterial adhesion and no biofilm formation. The SPEEK-nisin and SPEEK-GO samples showed some bacterial attachment, whereas the pure PEEK and SPEEK samples had abundant bacterial colonies and thick biofilm formation. These results confirmed the good biofilm resistance and antibacterial efficacy of the SPEEK-GO-nisin sample, which is promising for implantable orthopedic applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Peptide Conjugated on Graphene Oxide-Containing Sulfonated Polyetheretherketone Substrate for Effective Antibacterial Activities against Staphylococcus aureus

Kumar,

Hu,

et al. 2023

Antibiotics

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“…Finally, PEEK’s semi-crystalline nature can be an important factor in its fatigue resistance, considering that the extension of crystalline molecules helps dissipate energy from cyclic loading and hinders crack initiation [ 33 , 34 ]. Moreover, the crystallinity of 3D-printed PEEK is influenced by cooling conditions [ 14 ]; hence, the fatigue behaviour of PEEK can also be related to the thermal processing history of the printing process. The relatively high crystallinity of 33.5% obtained with the printing parameters used in this work [ 46 ] can be one of the reasons why 3D-printed PEEK displays high fatigue resistance compared to other 3D printing materials.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the context of medical implant manufacturing, the utilisation of 3D-printed PEEK, while promising, remains challenging considering these applications’ mechanical performance and bioactivity requirements [ 14 ]. The mechanical behaviour of 3D-printed PEEK is strongly associated with printing parameters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Cycle Fatigue Behaviour of Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Produced by Additive Manufacturing

Rendas,

Imperadeiro,

Martins

et al. 2023

Polymers

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Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is the leading high-performance thermoplastic biomaterial that can be processed through material extrusion (ME) additive manufacturing (AM), also known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, for patient-specific load-bearing implant manufacture. Considering the importance of cyclic loading for load-bearing implant design, this work addresses the high-cycle fatigue behaviour of 3D-printed PEEK. In this work, printed PEEK specimens are cyclically loaded under stress-controlled tension–tension using different stress levels between 75% and 95% of printed PEEK’s tensile strength. The experimental results are used to document 3D-printed PEEK’s fatigue behaviour using Basquin’s power law, which was compared with previous fatigue research on bulk PEEK and other 3D-printing materials. As a pioneering study on its fatigue behaviour, the results from this work show that 3D-printed PEEK exhibits an above-average fatigue strength of 65 MPa, corresponding to about 75% of its tensile strength. Fracture surface analysis suggests that a transition can occur from ductile to brittle fracture with maximum stresses between 85% and 95% of the tensile strength. Evidence of crack propagation features on fracture surfaces under scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation suggests crack initiation in void defects created by printing deposition that propagates longitudinally through line bonding interfaces along layers. Considering this, 3D-printed PEEK’s fatigue behaviour can be strongly related to printing conditions. Further research on the fatigue behaviour of 3D-printed PEEK is necessary to support its use in load-bearing implant applications.

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“…PEEK is another leading high-performance thermoplastic organic polymer commonly used to produce medical tools, implants and prostheses via AM [121]. PEEK possesses many favorable characteristics, such as good mechanical properties, temperature stability, high wear resistance, low coefficient of friction, high processing capability and excellent biocompatibility making them suitable for a plethora of medical applications [121,122]. One of the main advantages lies in its modulus of elasticity being similar to that of human bone, making it a suitable candidate for cranial, orthopedic, trauma and spinal implants via AMbased techniques [123].…”

Section: D Printingmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D and 4D printing of biomedical materials: current trends, challenges, and future outlook

Appuhamillage,

Ambagaspitiya,

Dassanayake

et al. 2024

Exploration of Medicine

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Three-dimensional (3D) and four-dimensional (4D) printing have emerged as the next-generation fabrication technologies, covering a broad spectrum of areas, including construction, medicine, transportation, and textiles. 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing (AM), allows the fabrication of complex structures with high precision via a layer-by-layer addition of various materials. On the other hand, 4D printing technology enables printing smart materials that can alter their shape, properties, and functions upon a stimulus, such as solvent, radiation, heat, pH, magnetism, current, pressure, and relative humidity (RH). Myriad of biomedical materials (BMMs) currently serve in many biomedical engineering fields aiding patients’ needs and expanding their life-span. 3D printing of BMMs provides geometries that are impossible via conventional processing techniques, while 4D printing yields dynamic BMMs, which are intended to be in long-term contact with biological systems owing to their time-dependent stimuli responsiveness. This review comprehensively covers the most recent technological advances in 3D and 4D printing towards fabricating BMMs for tissue engineering, drug delivery, surgical and diagnostic tools, and implants and prosthetics. In addition, the challenges and gaps of 3D and 4D printed BMMs, along with their future outlook, are also extensively discussed. The current review also addresses the scarcity in the literature on the composition, properties, and performances of 3D and 4D printed BMMs in medical applications and their pros and cons. Moreover, the content presented would be immensely beneficial for material scientists, chemists, and engineers engaged in AM manufacturing and clinicians in the biomedical field. Graphical abstract. 3D and 4D printing towards biomedical applications

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Mechanical performance and bioactivation of 3D-printed PEEK for high-performance implant manufacture: a review

Cited by 18 publications

References 136 publications

Antimicrobial Peptide Conjugated on Graphene Oxide-Containing Sulfonated Polyetheretherketone Substrate for Effective Antibacterial Activities against Staphylococcus aureus

Antimicrobial Peptide Conjugated on Graphene Oxide-Containing Sulfonated Polyetheretherketone Substrate for Effective Antibacterial Activities against Staphylococcus aureus

High-Cycle Fatigue Behaviour of Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Produced by Additive Manufacturing

3D and 4D printing of biomedical materials: current trends, challenges, and future outlook

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