“…Therefore, as the billet size increases, it is more and more difficult to obtain the uniformity of the melt temperature field. Especially in the primary cooling area that is in contact with the graphite ring, the non-uniform melt temperature leads to a non-uniform solidification shell which exhibits remarkable thermal stresses and strains, and is prone to wrinkles, segregation tumors and even leaks of billets [ 10 , 11 ]. To reduce the heat extraction rate and the thermal strain during the DC casting process, the wiper is implemented to divert the free falling water from the billet surface, thus, drastically reducing the heat extraction rate [ 12 ].…”