“…To date, inert gas condensation (Averback et al, 1990;Chen et al, 2015;Nandam et al, 2021), magnetron sputtering (Wang et al, 2014;Ketov et al, 2015;Sniadecki et al, 2016;Mohri et al, 2017;Nandam et al, 2017), severe plastic deformation (Wang et al, 2011;Shao et al, 2013) and pulse electrodeposition (Shen et al, 2011;Guo et al, 2017;Li et al, 2021b) have been developed to fabricate NGs. Despite of the manufacturing routes, the preparation of NGs in large dimensions is still challenging and, as a result, there are only a very few studies (Hu et al, 2017;Sharma et al, 2021) that determine the mechanical properties of NGs through mechanical tests, largely attributing to the fabrication barrier of current techniques.…”