Mechanical Properties of Hydroxyapatite Composites Reinforced with Hydroxyapatite Whiskers

2013

Materials

232

153

Various types of grafts have been traditionally used to restore damaged bones. In the late 1960s, a strong interest was raised in studying ceramics as potential bone grafts due to their biomechanical properties. A bit later, such synthetic biomaterials were called bioceramics. In principle, bioceramics can be prepared from diverse materials but this review is limited to calcium orthophosphate-based formulations only, which possess the specific advantages due to the chemical similarity to mammalian bones and teeth. During the past 40 years, there have been a number of important achievements in this field. Namely, after the initial development of bioceramics that was just tolerated in the physiological environment, an emphasis was shifted towards the formulations able to form direct chemical bonds with the adjacent bones. Afterwards, by the structural and compositional controls, it became possible to choose whether the calcium orthophosphate-based implants remain biologically stable once incorporated into the skeletal structure or whether they were resorbed over time. At the turn of the millennium, a new concept of regenerative bioceramics was developed and such formulations became an integrated part of the tissue engineering approach. Now calcium orthophosphate scaffolds are designed to induce bone formation and vascularization. These scaffolds are often porous and harbor different biomolecules and/or cells. Therefore, current biomedical applications of calcium orthophosphate bioceramics include bone augmentations, artificial bone grafts, maxillofacial reconstruction, spinal fusion, periodontal disease repairs and bone fillers after tumor surgery. Perspective future applications comprise drug delivery and tissue engineering purposes because calcium orthophosphates appear to be promising carriers of growth factors, bioactive peptides and various types of cells.

Section: The Major Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Major Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calcium Orthophosphate-Based Bioceramics

2013

Materials

232

153

“…In order to improve the reliability of calcium orthophosphate bioceramics, diverse reinforcements (ceramics, metals or polymers) have been applied to manufacture various biocomposites and hybrid biomaterials [292], but that is another story. However, successful hybrid formulations consisting of calcium orthophosphates only should be mentioned [293,294,295,296,297,298]. For example, bulk HA bioceramics might be reinforced by HA whiskers [294,295,296,297].…”

Section: The Major Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, successful hybrid formulations consisting of calcium orthophosphates only should be mentioned [293,294,295,296,297,298]. For example, bulk HA bioceramics might be reinforced by HA whiskers [294,295,296,297]. Furthermore, a superior superplasticity of HA/β-TCP composites ( i.e ., BCP) to HA bioceramics has been detected [298].…”

Section: The Major Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calcium Orthophosphates as Bioceramics: State of the Art

2010

JFB

219

112

In the late 1960s, much interest was raised in regard to biomedical applications of various ceramic materials. A little bit later, such materials were named bioceramics. This review is limited to bioceramics prepared from calcium orthophosphates only, which belong to the categories of bioactive and bioresorbable compounds. There have been a number of important advances in this field during the past 30–40 years. Namely, by structural and compositional control, it became possible to choose whether calcium orthophosphate bioceramics were biologically stable once incorporated within the skeletal structure or whether they were resorbed over time. At the turn of the millennium, a new concept of calcium orthophosphate bioceramics—which is able to promote regeneration of bones—was developed. Presently, calcium orthophosphate bioceramics are available in the form of particulates, blocks, cements, coatings, customized designs for specific applications and as injectable composites in a polymer carrier. Current biomedical applications include artificial replacements for hips, knees, teeth, tendons and ligaments, as well as repair for periodontal disease, maxillofacial reconstruction, augmentation and stabilization of the jawbone, spinal fusion and bone fillers after tumor surgery. Exploratory studies demonstrate potential applications of calcium orthophosphate bioceramics as scaffolds, drug delivery systems, as well as carriers of growth factors, bioactive peptides and/or various types of cells for tissue engineering purposes.

“…In addition, diverse reinforcements (ceramics, metals, or polymers) have been applied to manufacture various biocomposites and hybrid biomaterials [357], but that is another story. However, successful hybrid formulations consisting of CaPO 4 only [358][359][360][361][362][363][364][365] are within the scope of this review. Namely, bulk HA bioceramics might be reinforced by HA whiskers [359][360][361][362][363].…”

Section: Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calcium Orthophosphate (CaPO4)-Based Bioceramics: Preparation, Properties, and Applications

2022

Coatings

Various types of materials have been traditionally used to restore damaged bones. In the late 1960s, a strong interest was raised in studying ceramics as potential bone grafts due to their biomechanical properties. A short time later, such synthetic biomaterials were called bioceramics. Bioceramics can be prepared from diverse inorganic substances, but this review is limited to calcium orthophosphate (CaPO4)-based formulations only, due to its chemical similarity to mammalian bones and teeth. During the past 50 years, there have been a number of important achievements in this field. Namely, after the initial development of bioceramics that was just tolerated in the physiological environment, an emphasis was shifted towards the formulations able to form direct chemical bonds with the adjacent bones. Afterwards, by the structural and compositional controls, it became possible to choose whether the CaPO4-based implants would remain biologically stable once incorporated into the skeletal structure or whether they would be resorbed over time. At the turn of the millennium, a new concept of regenerative bioceramics was developed, and such formulations became an integrated part of the tissue engineering approach. Now, CaPO4-based scaffolds are designed to induce bone formation and vascularization. These scaffolds are usually porous and harbor various biomolecules and/or cells. Therefore, current biomedical applications of CaPO4-based bioceramics include artificial bone grafts, bone augmentations, maxillofacial reconstruction, spinal fusion, and periodontal disease repairs, as well as bone fillers after tumor surgery. Prospective future applications comprise drug delivery and tissue engineering purposes because CaPO4 appear to be promising carriers of growth factors, bioactive peptides, and various types of cells.