Mechanical Properties of Steel Fiber–Reinforced Self-Consolidating Controlled Low-Strength Material for Pavement Base Layers

Okuyucu, Osman; Jayawickrama, Priyantha W.; Senadheera, Sanjaya

doi:10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0002816

Cited by 15 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Less subsidence (<5% bleeding) Quick setting time (>0.1 MPa at 4 h) Easy to re-excavate-manually Twenty-eight-day compressive strength ≤ 1.0 MPa Since the 2000s, previous researchers have developed CLSMs using various waste materials/industrial byproducts (e.g., fly and bottom ashes, ground granulated blast furnace slag, waste foundry sand, cement kiln dust, steel slag, waterworks and paper sludges, waste rubber tires, and red mud) [7,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. However, the application of these previously developed CLSMs to underground facility backfilling has been challenging due to three primary reasons: (a) previous CLSMs have relatively long durations for hardening; (b) poorer flowability than grout mortar; (c) large equipment is needed for the placement of CLSMs.…”

Section: General and Excavatable Backfilling (Void Filling)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of High-Performance Fly-Ash-Based Controlled Low-Strength Materials for Backfilling in Metropolitan Cities

Han,

Jo,

Kim

et al. 2023

Applied Sciences

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Controlled low-strength materials (CLSMs) have been developed using various byproducts for backfilling or void-filling around pipelines or culvert boxes. However, these CLSMs have encountered issues related to their inadequate placement around underground facilities, despite satisfying the performance requirements, especially flowability, recommended by the American Concrete Institute (ACI) 229 committee. In this study, a new CLSM is developed to ensure a significantly higher flowability, lower segregation, and faster installation compared with previously developed CLSMs. This is achieved through a series of laboratory tests. To enhance the flowability and prevent segregation, a calcium-sulfoaluminate-based binder and fly ash are used in combination with two types of additives. The measured flowability of the new CLSM is 700 mm, while its compressive strength and bleeding satisfy the general criteria specified by the ACI 229R-13. In addition, the performance of the developed CLSM is compared with that of predeveloped CLSMs. The new CLSM was not only shown to exhibit the highest flowability, but also to satisfy the specified requirements for compressive strength and bleeding. Overall, it is anticipated that the developed CLSM can significantly reduce the costs related to the disposal of old pavements, the installation of new pavements, and other construction expenses compared to the costs related to the conventional method, even though the expenses for the backfill materials could increase due to the higher production costs of CLSMs than soil. In addition, there is a need to investigate its field applicability in order to evaluate the precise costs, maintenance, and long-term stabilities after installation.

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Section: General and Excavatable Backfilling (Void Filling)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of High-Performance Fly-Ash-Based Controlled Low-Strength Materials for Backfilling in Metropolitan Cities

Han,

Jo,

Kim

et al. 2023

Applied Sciences

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“…In addition, CLSM cures quickly, thus avoiding the need for long construction cycles [3]. Therefore, CLSM is a multifunctional backfilling material and can be useful for groove backfilling [4], ground heat exchangers [5], urban pipeline buffering [6], underground space backfilling [7] (such as goaf and abandoned underground tunnels), roadbed [8], abutment back [9], and erosion prevention slope filling [10]. CLSM is eco-friendly, low-budget, and low labor intensive.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of Controlled Low-Strength Material from Multi-Component Coal-Based Solid Waste

Chen,

Yuan,

Wang

et al. 2024

Sustainability

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Recently, controlled low-strength material (CLSM) has been considered an easy-to-mix material, and the raw material is usually derived from solid waste, suggesting lower production costs. Moreover, the resource utilization of waste fosters the sustainable advancement of both society and the environment. In the present work, a CLSM with excellent performance was developed by adopting fly ash, bottom ash, desulfuration gypsum, and cement as the main cementitious materials, as well as gasification coarse slag and coal gangue as aggregates. An orthogonal experiment with three factors and three levels was designed according to the ratio of cement to binder, the contents of water, and the water-reducing agent. Further, the macroscopic properties of flowability, dry density, bleeding, compressive strength, fresh density, porosity, and absorption rate of the CLSM mixtures were tested. To optimize the CLSM proportion, the ranges of three indicators of CLSM were calculated. Experimental results manifested that the fresh and dry densities of the mixtures were within the range recommended by ACI 229. The optimal levels of cement−binder ratio (i.e., the ratio of cement to binder), water content, and water-reducing agent content are 0.24, 248 kg·m–3, and 0.80 kg·m–3, respectively. Under this condition, the flowability was 251 mm, the bleeding was 3.96%, and the compressive strength for 3 d, 7 d, and 28 d was 1.50 MPa, 3.06 MPa, and 7.79 MPa, respectively. Furthermore, the leaching values of eight heavy metals in CLSM and raw materials were less than the standard requirements, indicative of no leaching risk.

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“…For example, in China's engineering practice in recent years, the research and application of flowable fills using Portland cement as a curing agent and waste soils as raw materials are very common. In engineering practice in the United States, flowable fills based on fly ash and/or sand aggregates are used in a wide range of applications [4,5]. This is mainly due to factors such as the costs of materials in each region, the types of waste output, the type of technology adopted, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Properties of Soil-Based Flowable Fill under Drying–Wetting and Freeze–Thaw Actions

Tong

Líu²,

Wen³

2023

Sustainability

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Flowable fills are a type of fill material with many construction applications, including transportation engineering, building engineering, water conservancy constructions, etc. Flowable fills usually consist of cementing agents, water, and aggregates such as soils or other waste or cheap materials. Flowable fills have the characteristics of high flowability, self-leveling, self-compacting, high and adjustable strength, and the ability to adopt waste and cheap materials. In this study, a waste soil-based flowable fill was investigated under drying–wetting and freeze–thaw actions. Under six drying–wetting cycles, flowable fill specimens underwent a continuous reduction in strength, accompanying the mass losses and the changes in micro-structures. The level of strength reduction increased with decreased addition of Portland cement and increased addition of water. After six drying–wetting cycles, the specimens showed a 27–51% strength reduction as compared to their counterparts with no drying–wetting actions. Under freeze–thaw cycles, the specimens also showed noticeable but insignificant degradation. After six freeze–thaw cycles, the level of strength reduction ranged from 9–20%. Most of the strength reduction occurred during the first three cycles. Based on the test data, an empirical model was proposed to predict the strength reduction under drying–wetting cycles. The results proved that flowable fills may undergo a relatively large reduction in their engineering performance under adverse environments, especially drying–wetting actions. The implications of the results for construction are also discussed in the paper.

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Mechanical Properties of Steel Fiber–Reinforced Self-Consolidating Controlled Low-Strength Material for Pavement Base Layers

Cited by 15 publications

References 11 publications

Development of High-Performance Fly-Ash-Based Controlled Low-Strength Materials for Backfilling in Metropolitan Cities

Development of High-Performance Fly-Ash-Based Controlled Low-Strength Materials for Backfilling in Metropolitan Cities

Optimization of Controlled Low-Strength Material from Multi-Component Coal-Based Solid Waste

Properties of Soil-Based Flowable Fill under Drying–Wetting and Freeze–Thaw Actions

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