Mechanical Surface Modification of Lithium Metal: Towards Improved Li Metal Anode Performance by Directed Li Plating

Ryou, Myung‐Hyun; Lee, Yong Min; Lee, Yun-Ju; Winter, Martin; Bieker, Peter

doi:10.1002/adfm.201402953

Cited by 369 publications

(289 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Finally, strategies (approach 5 in FIG. 4b) that incorporate 3D patterning 92 or use Li-metal powder 93 are also valid, because the increased effective surface area by the 3D morphology dissipates the electron density at the given areal current density.…”

Section: Long-term Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Promise and reality of post-lithium-ion batteries with high energy densities

2016

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What characteristics define a good rechargeable battery? Although properties such as rate capability, cost, cycle life and temperature tolerance must be taken into consideration in any evaluation of a rechargeable battery 1,2 , it is the improvement in energy density that has primarily driven the overall technological progress over the past 150 years -from lead-acid cells in the 1850s, nickelcadmium cells in the 1890s and nickel metal hydride cells in the 1960s to, finally, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in the present day.In the current era of LIBs, there is an ever-growing demand for even higher energy densities to power mobile IT devices with increased power consumption and to extend the driving range of electric vehicles. The growth of the global electric vehicle market has been slower than initially predicted about 5 years ago 3 , which reflects the challenge that the battery industry faces: customers react very sensitively to the driving range (and thus the energy density) and price of electric vehicles. Because the energy density of a rechargeable battery is determined mainly by the specific capacities and operating voltages of the anode and the cathode, active materials have been the main focus of research in recent years. Other cell components, including separators, binders, outer cases and, to some extent, the major components of the electrolyte solution (that is, solvent and salt), have little room for further improvement. In other words, a dramatic increase in the energy density requires new redox chemistries between charge-carrier ions and host materials beyond the conventional 'intercalation' mechanisms 4 . Intercalationbased materials have a relatively small number of crystallographic sites for storing charge-carrier ions, leading to limited energy densities. For this reason, the electrodes that operate on the basis of distinct solid-state reactions, such as alloying and conversion, or that use gas-phase reactants have encountered growing interest owing to the likelihood that they will surpass the energy densities of intercalation-based electrodes.New chemistries for charge-carrier ion storage serve as the basis for 'beyond intercalation' or so-called postLIBs 5-7 . The systems governed by these new chemistries offer higher theoretical energy densities, and this benefit is usually translated to, at least, the initial cycles in experimental testing. It is becoming increasingly evident that the short lifetime is a serious problem of post-LIB systems. Indeed, the main technological challenge associated with these systems is overcoming their inferior reversibility. The main factors responsible for the low reversibility are instabilities during the phase transition of active materials and/or uncontrolled reactions at the electrode/electrolyte interface 8 ; this implies that the electrode structures and electrolyte solutions should be developed and optimized as integrated systems to enable the realization of post-LIBs.In this Review, we discuss a wide range of promising post-LIBs, focusing on their advant...

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Section: Long-term Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Promise and reality of post-lithium-ion batteries with high energy densities

2016

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“…However, the extensive utilization of Li/S batteries in practical applications is still hindered by various severe issues e.g., poor cycle life, low Coulombic efficiency and safety hazards. Most of these issues can be correlated to the use of Li metal, as it forms high surface area lithium (HSAL) deposits often called dendrites during prolonged dissolution/deposition [173,174]. A possible approach to avoid these issues, is the preparation of Li metal-free Li/S batteries, so-called Li-ion/S batteries [175,176], but, consequently, there is a need for an alternative lithium source within the cell.…”

Section: Pre-lithiation For Rechargeable Li-ion/sulphur Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pre-Lithiation Strategies for Rechargeable Energy Storage Technologies: Concepts, Promises and Challenges

et al. 2018

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Abstract:In order to meet the sophisticated demands for large-scale applications such as electro-mobility, next generation energy storage technologies require advanced electrode active materials with enhanced gravimetric and volumetric capacities to achieve increased gravimetric energy and volumetric energy densities. However, most of these materials suffer from high 1st cycle active lithium losses, e.g., caused by solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation, which in turn hinder their broad commercial use so far. In general, the loss of active lithium permanently decreases the available energy by the consumption of lithium from the positive electrode material. Pre-lithiation is considered as a highly appealing technique to compensate for active lithium losses and, therefore, to increase the practical energy density. Various pre-lithiation techniques have been evaluated so far, including electrochemical and chemical pre-lithiation, pre-lithiation with the help of additives or the pre-lithiation by direct contact to lithium metal. In this review article, we will give a comprehensive overview about the various concepts for pre lithiation and controversially discuss their advantages and challenges. Furthermore, we will critically discuss possible effects on the cell performance and stability and assess the techniques with regard to their possible commercial exploration.

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“…13,14,18,19 One of the most important mechanisms of aging is considered to be the process of metal lithium deposition on an anode. 20,21 The metal lithium deposition is intensified at decrease of temperature of cells cycling down to T = 0…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanism of Thermal Runaway in Lithium-Ion Cells

Galushkin

Yazvinskaya

Галушкин

2018

J. Electrochem. Soc.

124

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In this investigation, it was shown that a probability of thermal runaway in commercial lithium-ion cells of the type 18650 grows with number increase of charge/discharge cycles and increase of cells state of charge (SOC). Notably, experiments in an accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC) showed that with the number growth of cells charge/discharge cycles, it is observed a considerable decline of an initiation temperature of exothermic reactions of thermal runaway and increase of released energy. Additional ARC-experiments with the following analysis of the gas released showed that in a course of cells cycling in anode graphite, hydrogen is accumulated. It was proven in experiments that a recombination of released-from-graphite-anode atomic hydrogen is exactly that powerful exothermic reaction, which increases the released energy in the beginning of the thermal runaway and decreases the temperature of its initiation. Thus, the reason for the initiation of thermal runaway in lithium-ion cells is a powerful exothermic reaction of recombination of atomic hydrogen accumulated in anode graphite in a during of cells cycling. The possible mechanism of initiation thermal runaway has been proposed corresponding to all the experimental results obtained. At present, lithium-ion batteries are ones of the most promising electrochemical systems of energy storing. They are dominant energy sources in hand-hold devices: smartphones, notebooks, tablets, etc.

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Mechanical Surface Modification of Lithium Metal: Towards Improved Li Metal Anode Performance by Directed Li Plating

Cited by 369 publications

References 57 publications

Promise and reality of post-lithium-ion batteries with high energy densities

Promise and reality of post-lithium-ion batteries with high energy densities

Pre-Lithiation Strategies for Rechargeable Energy Storage Technologies: Concepts, Promises and Challenges

Mechanism of Thermal Runaway in Lithium-Ion Cells

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