Mechanics, energetics and implementation of grounded running technique: a narrative review

Davis, Sheeba; Fox, Aaron; Bonacci, Jason; Davis, Fiddy

doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000963

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…The differences observed on all parameters were larger than the maximum IMU's error and can thus be considered as significant. Athlete #1 was able to keep his gliding ratio around 50%, which suggests a locomotory pattern more like a grounded running pattern than walking, which may have optimized the energetic cost of locomotion at a given speed as compared to that of a walking-like locomotory pattern (Davis et al, 2020 ). Athlete #1 also had and maintained a higher cadence of steps that were longer as compared to athletes #2 and #3.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exceptional Performance in Competitive Ski Mountaineering: An Inertial Sensor Case Study

Kayser

Mariani

2022

Front. Sports Act. Living

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Organized biannually in the Swiss Alps since 1984, the “Patrouille des Glaciers” (PDG) is one of the most challenging long-distance ski mountaineering (skimo) team competitions in the world. The race begins in Zermatt (1,616 m) and ends in Verbier (1,520 m), covering a total distance of 53 km with a cumulated 4,386 m of ascent and 4,482 m of descent. About 4,800 athletes take part in this competition, in teams of three. We hereby present the performance analysis of the uphill parts of this race of a member (#1) of the winning team in 2018, setting a new race record at 5 h and 35 min, in comparison with two amateur athletes. The athletes were equipped with the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) antenna, a heart rate monitor, and a dedicated multisensor inertial measurement unit (IMU) attached to a ski, which recorded spatial-temporal gait parameters and transition events. The athletes' GNSS and heart rate data were synchronized with the IMU data. Athlete #1 had a baseline VO2 max of 80 ml/min/kg, a maximum heart rate of 205 bpm, weighed 69 kg, and had a body mass index (BMI) of 21.3 kg/m2. During the race, he carried 6 kg of gear and kept his heart rate constant around 85% of max. Spatiotemporal parameters analysis highlighted his ability to sustain higher power, higher pace, and, thus, higher vertical velocity than the other athletes. He made longer steps by gliding longer at each step and performed less kick turns in a shorter time. He spent only a cumulative 5 min and 30 s during skins on and off transitions. Skimo performance, thus, requires a high aerobic power of which a high fraction can be maintained for a prolonged time. Our results further confirm earlier observations that speed of ascent during endurance skimo competitions is a function of body weight and race gear and vertical energy cost of locomotion, with the latter function of climbing gradient. It is also the first study to provide some reference benchmarks for spatiotemporal parameters of elite and amateur skimo athletes during climbing using real-world data.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exceptional Performance in Competitive Ski Mountaineering: An Inertial Sensor Case Study

Kayser

Mariani

2022

Front. Sports Act. Living

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“…Adopting a grounded running technique generated a ‘very large’ decrease in tibial accelerations (SMD − 2.45). This result is not particularly surprising, as the typically slower speeds and biomechanical alterations associated with grounded running reduce the biomechanical loading of the lower extremities [ 79 ]. Grounded running may therefore be a promising technique adaptation for reducing tibial loads, yet there is little understanding of the feasibility of gait-retraining techniques for promoting grounded running long-term [ 79 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Effects of Gait Interventions on Tibial Loads During Running: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

2022

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Introduction Changing running technique or equipment can alter tibial loads. The efficacy of interventions to modify tibial loads during running is yet to be synthesised and evaluated. This article reviewed the effect of running technique and footwear interventions on tibial loading during running. Methods Electronic databases were searched using terms relevant to tibial load and running. Interventions were categorised according to their approach (i.e., footwear; barefoot running; speed; surface; overground versus treadmill; orthotics, insoles and taping; and technique); if necessary, further subgrouping was applied to these categories. Standardised mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for changes in tibial loading were calculated and meta-analyses performed where possible. Results Database searches yielded 1617 articles, with 36 meeting the inclusion criteria. Tibial loading increased with (1) barefoot running (SMD 1.16; 95% CI 0.50, 1.82); (2) minimalist shoe use by non-habitual users (SMD 0.89; 95% CI 0.40, 1.39); (3) motion control shoe use (SMD 0.46; 95% CI 0.07, 0.84); (4) increased stride length (SMD 0.86; 95% CI 0.18, 1.55); and (5) increased running speed (SMD 1.03; 95% CI 0.74, 1.32). Tibial loading decreased when (1) individuals ran on a treadmill versus overground (SMD − 0.83; 95% CI − 1.53, − 0.12); and (2) targeted biofeedback was used (SMD − 0.93; 95% CI − 1.46, − 0.41). Conclusions Running barefoot, in motion control shoes or in unfamiliar minimalist shoes, and with an increased stride length increases tibial loads and may increase the risk of a tibial stress injury during periods of high training load. Adopting interventions such as running on a treadmill versus overground, and using targeted biofeedback during periods of high loads could reduce tibial stress injury.

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“…Then, extra force will be required for the forward swinging motion (turnover). 17 Regarding the posterior push phase during walking, the toes and knees are misaligned, which may lead to joints pain and injury of foot, the Achilles tendon, knee and hip joint.…”

Section: Editorialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

2022

IJCAM

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From Integrative Medicine point of view, people tend to exercise less, leading to decreased physical, nutritional and cognitive function. Authors have been involved in rehabilitation and workshop for various subjects with masters' athletes. Previous walking methods have some problems, such as stretching the chest, large movement of arm swing, heel touchdown with extended knees and push backward with thumb-ball. In contrast, our recommended methods include walking with the concept of centered position, using the gravity center and reflection power by flat grounding, adjusting speed and striding with forward leaning angle and creating some effective image in the mind.

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Mechanics, energetics and implementation of grounded running technique: a narrative review

Cited by 8 publications

References 56 publications

Exceptional Performance in Competitive Ski Mountaineering: An Inertial Sensor Case Study

Exceptional Performance in Competitive Ski Mountaineering: An Inertial Sensor Case Study

Acute Effects of Gait Interventions on Tibial Loads During Running: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

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