Mechanics of the extension of cotton fibers. I. Experimental studies of the effect of convolutions

Hearle, J. W. S.; Sparrow, James T.

doi:10.1002/app.1979.070240608

Cited by 15 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…However, the optimum amount of MRP additive in the LLDPE/MH blends is ∼10 phr because its corresponding LOI value has reached the maximum of ∼26. This result is in agreement with the report by Hearle and Sparrow 19…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 94%

Combustion characteristics of halogen‐free flame‐retarded polyethylene containing magnesium hydroxide and some synergists

Wang

Fan

et al. 2001

J of Applied Polymer Sci

183

124

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Halogen-free flame-retarded polyethylene materials have been prepared by using magnesium hydroxide (MH) as a flame retardant combined with red phosphorous (RP) and expandable graphite (EG) as synergists. The effects of these additives on the combustion behavior of the filled linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), such as a limiting oxygen index (LOI), the rate of heat release (RHR), the specific extinction area (SEA), etc., have been studied by the LOI determination and the cone calorimeter test. The results show that RP and EG are good synergists for improving the flame retardancy of LLDPE/MH formulations. In addition, a suitable amount of ethylene and vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) added in the formulations can increase the LOI values while promoting the char formation and showing almost no effect on the RHR and SEA values.

show abstract

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 94%

Combustion characteristics of halogen‐free flame‐retarded polyethylene containing magnesium hydroxide and some synergists

Wang

Fan

et al. 2001

J of Applied Polymer Sci

183

124

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show abstract

“…Other drawbacks for the use of vegetable fibers in biocomposites are: (i) the lower processing temperature (limited to approximately 200°C) due to fiber degradation and/or volatile emissions; (ii) the high moisture absorption due to fiber hydrophilic nature and (iii) incompatibility with most hydrophobic polymers. These problems are well known and countless research has been developed to reduce them with reasonable success [66,67]. Nevertheless, vegetable fibers (as fillers or reinforcements) are the latest growing type of polymer additives [68].…”

Section: Natural or Vegetable Fibersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When a chemical treatment is applied on synthetic fibers like glass fibers only fiber surface is modified. On the contrary, chemical treatments applied on vegetable fibers can produce important chemical and structural changes not only at fiber surface but also on the interphase between elementary fibers [66]. Furthermore, the orientation of microfibrils of cellulose within each elementary fiber plays an important role because it changes the crystallinity of the natural fiber [77].…”

Section: Natural or Vegetable Fibersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biocomposites: Influence of Matrix Nature and Additives on the Properties and Biodegradation Behaviour

Rosa¹,

Lenz²

2013

Biodegradation - Engineering and Technology

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Table 1. Classification of natural polymers based on their sources. There are several types of carbohydrates: monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. The latter ones, of particular interest, are comprised of hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides, commonly glucose, forming linear chains, such as cellulose, or branched chains, as in starch and glycogen. For this chapter, cellulose and its derivatives, starch and chitosan will be presented as natural biodegradable polymers [10]. 2.1.1. Cellulose derivatives Cellulose acetate (CA), universally recognized as the most important organic ester of cellulose because of its extensive applications in fibres, plastics and coatings, is prepared by reacting cellulose with acetic anhydride using acetic acid as a solvent and perchloric acid or sulphuric acid as a catalyst. CA is a carbohydrate composed of β-glucose molecules that are covalently linked through β-1,4-glycosidic bonds, widely found in nature in algae and land plants which has been valued as a functional material. CA comes to meeting the diverse needs of today's society including biodegradability characteristics, its hydrophilic behaviour and biocompatibility [11]. Several applications for cellulose and its derivatives have been shown, for example: in paints, textiles, pharmaceuticals and beauty, fibers, ionic liquids, construction technology and so on [12, 13]. Cellulose esters for coating applications are nearly always used as miscible blends with acrylics, polyesters and other polymers. This is possible because of their ability to form hydrogen bonds through the presence of hydroxyl groups and the carboxyl groups of the ester. An increase in ester molecular weight increases the toughness and melting point but decreases the compatibility and solubility, whereas hardness and density are unaffected. Compatibility, solubility and the maximum non-volatile content all decrease as the ester molecular weight increases. The hydroxyl group content inversely affects the moisture resistance and toughness [11]. Ignácio et al. [14] evaluated the production of cellulosic polymer membranes based on cellulose acetate and thus advanced technology was brougth to be used in membranes for separation Biocomposites: Influence of Matrix Nature and Additives on the Properties and Biodegradation Behaviour

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“…Hearle and Sparrow studied the effect of convolutions on the behaviour of cotton fibres [42]. If a fibre is stretched, the convolutions are pulled out.…”

Section: Cotton and The Other Natural Cellulose Fibresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tensile properties

Morton¹

2008

Physical Properties of Textile Fibres

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Mechanics of the extension of cotton fibers. I. Experimental studies of the effect of convolutions

Cited by 15 publications

References 39 publications

Combustion characteristics of halogen‐free flame‐retarded polyethylene containing magnesium hydroxide and some synergists

Combustion characteristics of halogen‐free flame‐retarded polyethylene containing magnesium hydroxide and some synergists

Biocomposites: Influence of Matrix Nature and Additives on the Properties and Biodegradation Behaviour

Tensile properties

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