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The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Theory of Foam and Foam Control 2.1. Characteristic Properties of Foam 2.2. Foam Formation 2.2.1. Surface Activity of Adsorbed Surfactants 2.2.2. Methods of Foam Generation 2.3. Foam Stability 2.3.1. Gibbs Film Elasticity and Marangoni Effect 2.3.2. Rheological Aspects of Foam Stability 2.3.3. Electrostatic Foam Stabilization 2.3.4. Mechanism of Lamellar Rupture 2.4. Foam Inhibition and Destruction 2.4.1. Chemical Foam Inhibition and Destruction 2.4.2. Mechanical Defoaming 3. Antifoaming Agent Composition 3.1. Carrier Oils 3.2. Silicone Oils and Silicone Foam Inhibitors 3.3. Hydrophobic Silica 3.4. Hydrophobic Fat Derivatives and Waxes 3.5. Water‐Insoluble Polymers 3.6. Amphiphilic Components 3.7. Emulsifiers 3.8. Coupling Agents 4. Mechanical Means of Combating Foam 5. Foam Problems in Specific Applications 5.1. Detergents 5.2. Food and Beverage Industries 5.2.1. Cleansing and Disinfecting 5.2.1.1. Tank Cleansing Based on the Cleaning‐in‐Place (CIP) Method 5.2.1.2. Cleansing of Returnable Bottles 5.2.2. Food Processing 5.2.2.1. Sugar 5.2.2.2. Yeast 5.2.2.3. Potatoes 5.3. Metal Treatment 5.3.1. Foam Problems Associated with Cooling Lubricants 5.3.2. Foam in Alkaline Cleansing Solutions 5.3.3. Foam Control in Neutral Cleansers 5.4. Polymer Industry 5.5. Paint and Coating Industry 5.6. Construction Industry 5.7. Adhesives Industry 5.8. Textile Industry 5.8.1. Pretreatment 5.8.2. Dyeing 5.8.3. Foam Application of Textile Auxiliaries 5.9. Leather Industry 5.10. Pulp and Paper Industry 5.10.1. Pulping 5.10.2. Pulping Liquor Disposal 5.10.3. Air Content of Pulp Suspensions 5.10.4. Conversion to Paper 5.10.5. Paper Coating 5.10.6. Waste Paper Deinking 5.11. Phosphoric Acid Manufacture 5.12. Wastewater Treatment 6. Testing Methods 7. Legal Aspects 8. Economic Aspects
The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Theory of Foam and Foam Control 2.1. Characteristic Properties of Foam 2.2. Foam Formation 2.2.1. Surface Activity of Adsorbed Surfactants 2.2.2. Methods of Foam Generation 2.3. Foam Stability 2.3.1. Gibbs Film Elasticity and Marangoni Effect 2.3.2. Rheological Aspects of Foam Stability 2.3.3. Electrostatic Foam Stabilization 2.3.4. Mechanism of Lamellar Rupture 2.4. Foam Inhibition and Destruction 2.4.1. Chemical Foam Inhibition and Destruction 2.4.2. Mechanical Defoaming 3. Antifoaming Agent Composition 3.1. Carrier Oils 3.2. Silicone Oils and Silicone Foam Inhibitors 3.3. Hydrophobic Silica 3.4. Hydrophobic Fat Derivatives and Waxes 3.5. Water‐Insoluble Polymers 3.6. Amphiphilic Components 3.7. Emulsifiers 3.8. Coupling Agents 4. Mechanical Means of Combating Foam 5. Foam Problems in Specific Applications 5.1. Detergents 5.2. Food and Beverage Industries 5.2.1. Cleansing and Disinfecting 5.2.1.1. Tank Cleansing Based on the Cleaning‐in‐Place (CIP) Method 5.2.1.2. Cleansing of Returnable Bottles 5.2.2. Food Processing 5.2.2.1. Sugar 5.2.2.2. Yeast 5.2.2.3. Potatoes 5.3. Metal Treatment 5.3.1. Foam Problems Associated with Cooling Lubricants 5.3.2. Foam in Alkaline Cleansing Solutions 5.3.3. Foam Control in Neutral Cleansers 5.4. Polymer Industry 5.5. Paint and Coating Industry 5.6. Construction Industry 5.7. Adhesives Industry 5.8. Textile Industry 5.8.1. Pretreatment 5.8.2. Dyeing 5.8.3. Foam Application of Textile Auxiliaries 5.9. Leather Industry 5.10. Pulp and Paper Industry 5.10.1. Pulping 5.10.2. Pulping Liquor Disposal 5.10.3. Air Content of Pulp Suspensions 5.10.4. Conversion to Paper 5.10.5. Paper Coating 5.10.6. Waste Paper Deinking 5.11. Phosphoric Acid Manufacture 5.12. Wastewater Treatment 6. Testing Methods 7. Legal Aspects 8. Economic Aspects
Fermentation under modified gravity could be of interest in application to (a) increasing productivity of growth and growth linked production with microorganisms at high cell densities and (b) increasing the productivity of highly viscous pseudoplastic polysaccharide fermentation. In both cases, higher oxygen transfer rates in centrifugal fields result in higher productivities since these fermentations are usually oxygen limited. A further aspect of fermentation under increased gravity is the reduction of foam since foam coalescence time decreases with acceleration number. On the other hand, under microgravity, shear reduction would allow growth and production even for very shear sensitive organisms. In order to carry out fermentations under modified gravity, a special type of fermenter–the centrifugal field bioreactor CFBR–has been developed at the Institute of Chemical Engineering (Head: Prof. Mersmann) of the Technical University of Munich. For the first time, exoprotein biosynthesis of lipase with S. carnosus has been carried out under sterile and controlled conditions in this novel bioreactor, in presence of increased mass forces.
The first part of this paper presents a relationship for the minimum velocity of rotating installations for foam breaking. The derivation is based on equilibrium of inertia and surface forces. Inertia forces occur during the acceleration of foam bubbles and act mainly at the plateau borders. High and definite acceleration can be obtained with a defoamer composed of a rotor and a stator. The surface force is due to the dynamic surface tension because surface-active solutions react to a rapid change in surface area by altering their surface tension. The theoretical relationship is compared with experimental results of minimum velocities needed to break foams produced from aqueous solutions of detergents. The equation presented here explains why measured minimum velocities often range between 10 and 20 mis. The second part of the paper deals with condensation of continuously generated foam in a closed system. In the process of condensation, foam is not completely separated into liquid and gas phase but turns into foam with small bubbles and high density. The collapse of this condensed foam must be considered for the control of persistent foams in a closed system. The collapse of foams made of aqueous solutions of different surface-active agents has been investigated. Different highly surface-active agents show small variations in times of coalescence. A relationship for the lifetime is given, which is based on laminar flow along plateau borders. Recommendations are made with respect to the geometry of the foam breaker, scale-up and operating variables such as rotational speed of the foam breaker and gas flow rate.
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