Mechanism and kinetics of photochemical transformation of ketoprofen and its degradation intermediates

CuO‐doped TiO2 Supported on Graphitic Carbon Nitride for the Photodegradation of Ketoprofen in Drinking and Groundwater: Process Optimization and Energy Consumption evaluation

“…Formation of by‐product (C2) was initiated by the addition of ⋅OH (hydroxylation) on C1. Furthermore, the excitation on by‐product (C2) generated by‐product (C3) through the elimination of H 2 O [8] . The formation of by‐product (C4) entails photoexcited electrons attack on carbonyl group (benzophenone) forming nucleophilic carbon that is attached to an oxygen group, followed by hydroxyl radical attachment and subsequently protonation occurred [74] .…”

“…These excess electrons may attack adsorbed KP on the surface of the photocatalyst upon excitation forming nucleophilic KP on the benzophenone group. [8,74] The effect of scavengers in Figure 8 provided evidence that electrons were the main species for KP degradation. The holes in CuO are responsible for oxidizing H 2 O/HO À into hydroxyl radicals ( * OH).…”

“…[8] Similar KP by-products were identified based on m/z obtained from mass spectra in the literature. [8,9,74]…”

“…Furthermore, the excitation on by-product (C2) generated by-product (C3) through the elimination of H 2 O. [8] The formation of by-product (C4) entails photoexcited electrons attack on carbonyl group (benzophenone) forming nucleophilic carbon that is attached to an oxygen group, followed by hydroxyl radical attachment and subsequently protonation occurred. [74] The generation of (C5) was initiated by molecular O 2 upon interacting with intermediate (B), subsequent protonation of peroxide group (RÀ OÀ OH) occurred spontaneously to form byproduct (C5).…”

Reconsidering mass spectrometric fragmentation in electron ionization mass spectrometry – new insights from recent instrumentation and isotopic labelling exemplified by ketoprofen and related compounds

“…The focus of interest was their detection in the environment as a water pollutant, for example, in wastewater, 14 poultry manure, 15 surface water and sediments, 16 and ground and drinking water, 17 and the elucidation of its photo-transformation processes. [18][19][20] Thus, ketoprofen, together with seven of its related benzophenone impurities, including those listed in the European Pharmacopeia, is a perfect model compound where a large amount of mass spectrometric information is available. Correlations between the benzophenone backbone structure and fragmentation behavior may help to clarify ambiguities and correctly interpret mass spectra.…”