Mechanism and transmission routes of COVID-19

Kirubananthan, Lokeshwaran; Illuri, Ramanaiah; Rajendran, Ramesh; Chandrasekaran, Prasanna

doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85780-2.00013-5

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 116 publications

(168 reference statements)

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“…The present knowledge of these animal models is summarized in Table 1. In large-scale clinical studies, a variety of potential preventative and treatment techniques are presently being evaluated in humans [157]. These clinical-efficacy trials will give a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to back-validate and enhance these animal models.…”

Section: Conclusion: a Call For Improved Development Of Nontraditiona...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Continued refining and enhancement of COVID-19 animal models will aid in the investigation of key features of viral infection, including pathology, transmission, and host responses to SARS-CoV-2, as well as impending issues of vaccination effectiveness, the efficacy of novel therapeutics, possible adverse effects, and long-term repercussions of SARS-CoV-2 infection in recovered patients, in addition to the development of other countermeasures [2,158,159]. Many questions concerning the SARS-CoV-2 transmission route remain unresolved [157,171,172]. The dynamic differences in outcomes following infection encourage the identification of different animals for different disease outcomes in order to better elucidate the pathophysiology and underlying circumstances that may trigger increased susceptibility to disease, as well as host genetics that may contribute to these varied outcomes [173,174].…”

Section: Conclusion: a Call For Improved Development Of Nontraditiona...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thinking Outside the Box: Utilizing Nontraditional Animal Models for COVID-19 Research

Gunasekara

Selvan

Miller

et al. 2022

IJTM

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The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic continues to affect the lives, wellbeing, and stability of communities worldwide. The race to save human lives is critical, and the development of useful translational animal models to elucidate disease pathogenesis and prevention, and to test therapeutic interventions, is essential to this response. However, significant limitations exist with the currently employed animal models that slow our ability to respond to the pandemic. Non-human primates serve as an excellent animal model for SARS-CoV-2 disease and interventions, but the availability of these animals is scarce, and few facilities are able to house and utilize this model. Adapted murine models are accessible and improving but lack natural hACE-2 receptors and are only moderate representatives of human COVID-19 disease, transmission, and immune responses. On the other hand, there are several animal species that are both naturally and experimentally infected, such as domestic cats, hamsters, ferrets, and mink. Several of these have proven animal-to-animal transmission and evidence of significant clinical and histopathologic disease that mimics acute COVID-19 in humans. Mobilizing these nontraditional animal models could have a crucial role in SARS-CoV-2 research efficiency and impact. This review focuses on what is known about these nontraditional animal models, including their immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection, evidence of clinical and histopathologic disease, transmission potential, and the practicality of each model in a research setting. Comparative insight into these animal models for COVID-19 can strengthen the efforts to mitigate this pandemic.

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Section: Conclusion: a Call For Improved Development Of Nontraditiona...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Conclusion: a Call For Improved Development Of Nontraditiona...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Thinking Outside the Box: Utilizing Nontraditional Animal Models for COVID-19 Research

Gunasekara

Selvan

Miller

et al. 2022

IJTM

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…SARS-CoV-2 is primarily transmitted from human to human by direct airborne transmission via respiratory droplets or aerosols ( 8 ). An infected individual emits respiratory droplets of varying sizes that carry infectious virus particles, with the larger droplets carrying a higher viral load ( 9 ). These droplets land on mucous membranes like eyes, noses, and mouths or are inhaled by the noninfected individual ( 8 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These droplets land on mucous membranes like eyes, noses, and mouths or are inhaled by the noninfected individual ( 8 ). Fomite transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has been proposed to occur when expelled droplets or aerosols containing the infectious virus are deposited on surfaces, and an uninfected individual encounters this surface and deposits the infectious viral particles onto their mucous membranes ( 9 ). Fomite transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is likely to be influenced by viral shedding, setting, surface type, and disinfection frequency among others ( 10 , 11 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, a recent prospective study performed in 279 households with a primary individual diagnosed with COVID-19, high-touch surfaces contaminated with SARS-CoV-2 were found to predict secondary cases’ risk of infection ( 13 ). Fomite transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is thought to have the highest possibility of occurring in health care facilities and to a lesser extent in frozen-food facilities ( 9 , 14 ). However, a recent outbreak in China was proposed to originate from imported frozen cod fish packaging from which infectious SARS-CoV-2 was isolated ( 15 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Efficacy of Peracetic Acid and Sodium Hypochlorite against SARS-CoV-2 on Contaminated Surfaces

Morris

Esseili

2023

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Current clinical status of new COVID-19 vaccines and immunotherapy

Nagpal

Kaushik

et al. 2022

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is a positive-strand RNA belonging to Coronaviridae family, along with MERS and SARS . Since its first report in 2019 in Wuhan, China, it has affected over 530 million people and led to 6.3 million deaths worldwide until June 2022. Despite eleven vaccines being used worldwide already, new variants are of concern. Therefore, the governing bodies are re-evaluating the strategies for achieving universal vaccination. Initially, the WHO expected that vaccines showing around 50–80% efficacy would develop in 1–2 years. However, US-FDA announced emergency approval of the two m-RNA vaccines within 11 months of vaccine development, which enabled early vaccination for healthcare workers in many countries. Later, in January 2021, 63 vaccine candidates were under human clinical trials and 172 under preclinical development. Currently, the number of such clinical studies is still increasing. In this review, we have summarized the updates on the clinical status of the COVID-19 and the available treatments. Additionally, COVID-19 had created negative impacts on world’s economy; affected agriculture, industries, and tourism service sectors; and majorly affected low-income countries. The review discusses the clinical outcomes, latest statistics, socio-economic impacts of pandemic and treatment approaches against SARS-CoV-2, and strategies against the new variant of concern. The review will help understand the current status of vaccines and other therapies while also providing insights about upcoming vaccines and therapies for COVID-19 management. Graphical abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11356-022-22661-1.

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Mechanism and transmission routes of COVID-19

Cited by 10 publications

References 116 publications

Thinking Outside the Box: Utilizing Nontraditional Animal Models for COVID-19 Research

Thinking Outside the Box: Utilizing Nontraditional Animal Models for COVID-19 Research

Efficacy of Peracetic Acid and Sodium Hypochlorite against SARS-CoV-2 on Contaminated Surfaces

Current clinical status of new COVID-19 vaccines and immunotherapy

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