Mechanism of Action of Collagen and Epidermal Growth Factor: A Review on Theory and Research Methods

Abstract

The most abundant protein found in mammals is collagen, and there are around 28 different types of collagen found in the human body, but there are five types, namely, Type I, Type II, Type III, Type V, and Type X, most generally applied in supplements, and the five common types of collagen are available in various forms and form different sources, which result in various potential benefits. The epidermal growth factor is one of the main growth factor proteins in the skin, which has an important function in the production of collagen, hyaluronic acid, and elastin to keep the skin healthy and dense appearance. It is a single-chain polypeptide of 53 amino acids, which is a potent mitogen for a variety of cells in vivo and in vitro. It triggers cells to grow, produce, and divide proteins, such as collagen. It may increase collagen production in granulation tissue by stimulation of fibroblast proliferation. This review article aims to provide an overview of different collagens and epidermal growth factors from recently published studies and some important directions for future research. The key words search for Collagen, Epidermal growth, Polypeptides, Amino acids, Protein, and tissue engineering were performed using Google scholar, PubMed, and Scopus. Fibrillar collagens are collagen types I, II, III, V, XI, XXIV, XXVII, and non-fibrillar collagens are collagen types IV, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XII, XIII, XIV, XV, XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX, XX, XXI, XXII, XXIII, XXV, XXVI, XXVIII, and XXIX. Collagen I can be found in bone, skin, tendon, cornea and vascular ligature; collagen II can be discovered in cartilage, vitreous body and gristle; collagen III is the main ingredient of reticular fibers which is often found alongside type I, the location of collagen III is also in skin, uterus, intestine, and vessels. Collagen IV can be identified in capillaries, the epithelium-secreted layer of the basement membrane and forms basal lamina. It forms basal lamina, capillaries, and the epithelium-secreted layer of the basement membrane, while Collagen V can be discovered in bones, skin, cornea, hair, placenta, and cell surfaces. In addition, collagen VI is found in bones, skin, gristle, cornea and vessels, while collagen VII can be found in skin, bladder, mucous membranes, amniotic fluid and umbilical cord. Lastly, collagen VIII is found in the skin, heart, kidney, brain, bones, gristle and vessels. Moreover, collagen X, XI and IX can be found in the gristle.

Identification and validation of key genes in gastric cancer: insights from in silico analysis, clinical samples, and functional assays

“…Research has highlighted the role of COL3A1 in various cancer types. Such as, in colorectal cancer, elevated COL3A1 expression has been associated with tumor growth, progression, and metastasis, indicating its potential as a prognostic marker [ 47 , 48 ]. Similarly, in ovarian cancer, overexpressed COL3A1 has been found to promote tumor cell migration and invasion, contributing to disease aggressiveness [ 49 ].…”

Amino Acids Biostimulants and Protein Hydrolysates in Agricultural Sciences

“…Amino acids for the production of biostimulants are derived by chemical synthesis from plant proteins such as soybean, corn, algae, corn, etc., as well as from animal proteins by enzymatic and chemical hydrolysis [ 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 ]. Amino acids act as vital molecules with various physiological roles [ 63 ] and play an important function in seed germination [ 64 , 65 ], and under salinity stress, they can behave as osmolytes, which can promote stomatal opening control, transport regulation, enzyme activation, heavy metals detoxification, redox homeostasis maintenance, and gene expression [ 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 ].…”

The Application of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi as Microbial Biostimulant, Sustainable Approaches in Modern Agriculture

“…The most important impacts of chitin and its derivatives' applications are that they stimulate and protect seed germination, stimulate stress resistance, mitigate negative impacts of abiotic stress, induce plant growth and development, improve soil properties and prevent nutrient leaching, improve the shelf-life of crops, chelate heavy metals, increase crop yield and quality, and protect against pests and pathogens, e.g., bacteria, viruses, fungi, insects, and nematodes [73][74][75]. Amino acids are the best candidates to boost stress tolerance through osmo-protection, ROS scavenging, metal chelation, and nutrient availability [76], which can notably impact the synthesis and stimulation of some enzymes and gene expression [77][78][79]. They can also be applied as signal molecules, like for inducing stomatal closure, as sensors of the nutrient contents of cells, or as regulators for inducing their own catabolism.…”

“…Amino acids can manage the procedure of protein synthesis, strengthening plant growth, photosynthesis, and yield formation. They can increase nutrient assimilation, use, and translocation, as well as increase the quality of constituents [79]. Amino acids are well-known biostimulants due to their positive effects on yield and plant growth, and can mitigate injuries from abiotic stresses [80,81].…”