Mechanism of Action of Phenethyl Alcohol: Breakdown of the Cellular Permeability Barrier

Silver, Simón; Wendt, Louis

doi:10.1128/jb.93.2.560-566.1967

Cited by 181 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 19 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…This phenomenon, which has been demonstrated in a number of other thymine requiring mutants, all deficient in deoxyribomutase, is not readily explained. Changes in cell permeability to acriflavine in thyminestarved cells have been reported [28] ; the changes in the structure-dependent trans-N-deoxyribosylase activity may also reflect alterations in the cell membrane during thymine-starvation.…”

Section: Effect Of Thymine Starvationmentioning

confidence: 98%

On the Catabolism of Deoxyribonucleosides in Cells and Cell Extracts of Escherichia coli

Munch‐Petersen¹

1968

European Journal of Biochemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Extracts of Escherichia coli cells differ considerably from whole cells in their deoxyriboside catabolizing activities.Whole cells catalyze an efficient transfer of the deoxyribosyl group from thymine to adenine, whereas phosphorolysis of the deoxyribonucleosides proceeds more slowly. The nucleoside purine pyrimidine deoxyribosyltransferase activity is shown to depend on the presence in the cells of thymidine phosphorylase as well as purine nucleoside phosphorylase.Cell extracts show a considerable loss of the nucleoside purine pyrimidine deoxyribosyltransferase activity, but catalyze the phosphorolysis of the deoxyribonucleosides much more efficiently than whole cells.Whole cells readily catabolize the deoxyribose moiety of thymidine while cell extracts have partially lost this capacity. The loss seems to be due to a destruction of deoxyribomutase activity during sonic treatment of the cells, while thymidine phosphorylase and deoxyriboaldolase activities are resistant to this treatment.All the above mentioned enzymes, involved in catabolism of deoxyribonucleosides, are released in the medium when the cells are subjected to osmotic shock-treatment. They are all induced by growth of the culture in the presence of deoxyribonucleosides.These observations have led to the assumption that the enzymes concerned with breakdown of deoxyribonucleosides in E. coli structurally and functionally constitute a complex, located at or near the cell membrane, and depend on the intact structure of the cells for proper function. Uptake of exogenous thymine into cellular DNA is probably controlled by this complex of enzymes, since the cellular pool of deoxyribosyl groups, necessary for the formation of thymidine from thymine, may be regulated through an interplay between these enzymes.Catabolism of deoxyribonucleosides primarily involves a transfer of the deoxyribosyl group from a purine or pyrimidine to inorganic phosphate. Enzymes, catalyzing this type of reaction, have been demonstrated in a variety of organisms, and in some cases [l, 21 trans-N-deoxyribosylase activity seems to be associated with these phosphorylases. I n contrast, the trans-N-deoxyribosylase, which has been purified from deoxyribonucleoside-requiring lactobacilli [3,4] shows no activity with phosphate as acceptor of the deoxyribosyl group ; extracts of these cells contain no deoxyribonucleoside phosphorylase activity.Enzymes. Purine (deoxy)ribonucleoside phosphorylase or pnrinenucleoside : orthophosphate (deoxy)ribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.1) ; thymidine phosphorylase or thymidine : orthophosphate deoxyribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.4) ; nucleoside deoxyribosyl transferase or nucleoside : purine (pyrimidine) deoxyribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.6) ; deoxyriboaldolase or 2-deoxy-n-ribose-5-phosphate : acetaldehydelyase (EC 4.1.2.4); uridine phosphorylase or uridine : orthophosphate ribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.3).The transfer of deoxyribosyl groups betwecn purines and pyrimidines, which can be demonstrated in cell-free extracts of various bacteria, has recently been ...

show abstract

Section: Effect Of Thymine Starvationmentioning

confidence: 98%

On the Catabolism of Deoxyribonucleosides in Cells and Cell Extracts of Escherichia coli

Munch‐Petersen¹

1968

European Journal of Biochemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The use of phenethyl alcohol (Compound 4, Table I) as a bacteriostatic agent was first reported by Lilley and Brewer [23]. According to the experiments performed by Silver and Wendt [24], phenethyl alcohol causes a rapid and reversible breakdown in the permeability barriers of bacterial cells. This alteration of membranes leads to the disruption of many intracellular functions and the inhibition of DNA synthesis.…”

Section: Phenethyl Alcoholmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self‐preserving cosmetics

Varvaresou¹,

Papageorgiou²,

Tsirivas³

et al. 2009

Intern J of Cosmetic Sci

104

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Preservatives are added to products for two reasons: first, to prevent microbial spoilage and therefore to prolong the shelf life of the product; second, to protect the consumer from a potential infection. Although chemical preservatives prevent microbial growth, their safety is questioned by a growing segment of consumers. Therefore, there is a considerable interest in the development of preservative-free or self-preserving cosmetics. In these formulations traditional/chemical preservatives have been replaced by other cosmetic ingredients with antimicrobial properties that are not legislated as preservatives according to the Annex VI of the Commission Directive 76/768/EEC and the amending directives (2003/15/EC, 2007/17/EC and 2007/22/EC). 'Hurdle Technology', a technology that has been used for the control of product safety in the food industry since 1970s, has also been applied for the production of self-preserving cosmetics. 'Hurdle Technology' is a term used to describe the intelligent combination of different preservation factors or hurdles to deteriorate the growth of microorganisms. Adherence to current good manufacturing practice, appropriate packaging, careful choice of the form of the emulsion, low water activity and low or high pH values are significant variables for the control of microbial growth in cosmetic formulations. This paper describes the application of the basic principles of 'Hurdle Technology' in the production of self-preserving cosmetics. Multifunctional antimicrobial ingredients and plant-derived essential oils and extracts that are used as alternative or natural preservatives and are not listed in Annex VI of the Cosmetic Directive are also reported.

show abstract

“…It is notable that many biocides, particularly polymeric biguanides (Wilkinson and Gilbert 1987), share this mechanism of cellular uptake. Similarly, phenylethanol (Silver and Wendt 1967) is known to inhibit the initiation of DNA replication and to cause a similar filamentation to that of the isothiazolones. Should these sublethal effects be directed towards a DNA gyrase, it is not difficult to imagine how the action of quinolone antibiotics might also be affected.…”

Section: 23mentioning

confidence: 99%

Significance of biocide usage and antimicrobial resistance in domiciliary environments

Bloomfield

2002

Journal of Applied Microbiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Mechanism of Action of Phenethyl Alcohol: Breakdown of the Cellular Permeability Barrier

Cited by 181 publications

References 19 publications

On the Catabolism of Deoxyribonucleosides in Cells and Cell Extracts of Escherichia coli

On the Catabolism of Deoxyribonucleosides in Cells and Cell Extracts of Escherichia coli

Self‐preserving cosmetics

Significance of biocide usage and antimicrobial resistance in domiciliary environments

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About