Mechanism of Depigmentation by Hydroquinone

Jimbow, Kowichi; Obata, Hiroko; Pathak, Madhu A.; Fitzpatrick, Thomas B.

doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12701679

Cited by 279 publications

(152 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-RCR) Total RNA was prepared using a QuickPrep Total RNA Extraction kit (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) from HMV-II cells grown in the presence or absence of 0.5 mM a-arbutin for 6 d. Two hundred nanograms of the total RNA were reverse-transcribed and the synthesized cDNA was amplified using Ready-to-GO RT-PCR beads (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) in a total volume of 50 ml containing 0.5 mg pd(T) [12][13][14][15][16][17][18] -first strand primer, 400 nM sense primer and 400 nM antisense primer. Programmable Thermal Cycler conditions were 42°C for 30 min, 95°C for 5 min, 18, 20, 22 or 24 cycles at 95°C for 0.5 min, 60°C for 0.5 min and 72°C for 2 min, and a final treatment at 72°C for 7 min.…”

Section: Assay Of Melanin Synthesis By Hmv-ii Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibitory Effects of .ALPHA.-Arbutin on Melanin Synthesis in Cultured Human Melanoma Cells and a Three-Dimensional Human Skin Model

Sugimoto

Nishimura

Nomura

et al. 2004

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

130

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Hyperpigmentation in the epidermis is caused by excessive melanin synthesis, and tyrosinase (EC 1.14.18.1) is a key-enzyme in melanin synthesis. It catalyzes the first two steps in melanin synthesis: the hydroxylation of tyrosine to 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-alanine (DOPA) and the oxidation of DOPA to dopaquinone. Several tyrosinase inhibitors have been used as skin-lightening agents in the cosmetic industry.4-Hydroxyphenyl a-D-glucopyranoside (a-arbutin; Fig. 1) was enzymatically synthesized from hydroquinone and saccharides, [1][2][3][4] and its inhibitory activity against tyrosinases from mushroom, B16 mouse melanoma and HMV-II human melanoma cells has been examined previously.2,5,6) a-Arbutin specifically inhibited mammalian tyrosinases, and its effect on human tyrosinase was the strongest among the hydroquinone-glycosides that we have studied so far. 6) In this study, we examined the inhibitory effects of a-arbutin on melanin biosynthesis in cultured human melanoma cells and in a three-dimensional human skin model. MATERIALS AND METHODSCell Culture Human malignant melanoma cells, HMV-II 7) were provided by the Cell Resource Center for Biomedical Research, Tohoku University. The cells were cultured in F12/DMEM (GIBCO) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO 2 in air.The three-dimensional cultured human skin model, MelanoDerm, (MEL312B; a co-culture of normal human melanocytes (NHM) from black donors and normal human keratinocytes (NHK)) was purchased from Kurabo Co. (Osaka, Japan). The human skin model was maintained according to the manufacturer's instructions.Reagents L-DOPA and synthetic melanin were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.). Medium for the human skin model [long life maintenance medium (LLMM)] was supplied with the MEL-312B kit. Other chemicals were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka).Preparation of a a-Arbutin a-Arbutin was prepared by the method described by Nishimura et al.1) a-Amylase from Bacillus sp. strain X-23 was added to 100 ml of 50 mM sodium acetate buffer solution (pH 5.0) containing 5% hydroquinone and 20% maltopentaose. After incubation at 40°C for 16 h, glucoamylase from Aspergillus niger was added, and the mixture was incubated at 40°C for 4 h. a-Arbutin was purified from the reaction mixture by extraction with ethyl acetate and charcoal column chromatography.Assay of Melanin Synthesis by HMV-II Cells HMV-II cells (1.0ϫ10 6 ) were plated with 10 ml of medium in a 100-mm dish and grown for 10 d. On days 1, 4 and 7, the medium was changed to fresh medium containing various concentrations of a-arbutin.Determination of Melanin Content The melanin content of cells was measured by the method of Hosoi et al. -free phosphate-buffered saline [PBS(Ϫ)]. After being treated with 0.25% trypsin, the cells were harvested by centrifugation at 1000ϫg for 10 min and sonicated in 0.5 ml of 1% Triton X-100/PBS(Ϫ) on ice. In contrast, the human skin model was harvested and sonicated in 0.5 ml of PBS(Ϫ). The lys...

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Section: Assay Of Melanin Synthesis By Hmv-ii Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibitory Effects of .ALPHA.-Arbutin on Melanin Synthesis in Cultured Human Melanoma Cells and a Three-Dimensional Human Skin Model

Sugimoto

Nishimura

Nomura

et al. 2004

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

130

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“…In this regard, the agents that inhibit tyrosinase activity and melanin production, such as arbutin, kojic acid, vitamin C and its derivatives and placenta extract, are used as skin-whitening agents. [27][28][29][30] Numerous studies have demonstrated that extracts of some herbs with tyrosinase inhibitory activity, e.g., of Atractylis Rhizoma 31) and Euphorbiae Lathyridis Semen, 32) have the depigmenting effects. Our previous study also showed that the water extracts of RT dose-dependently suppressed melanogenesis in B16 cells, but it appeared to be cell toxicity.…”

Section: Fig 4 Effect Of Radix Ginseng and Radix Trichosanthis On Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Radix Ginseng and Radix Trichosanthis on the Melanogenesis

Kim

Yun

et al. 2003

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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Skin diseases are a hyperpigmentation, hypopigmentation and melanoma, etc. Among them, recent studies have focused on the hyperpigmentation, which is especially abnormally increased colorations or spots. Hyperpigmentation such as chloasma, coloration or freckles increased abnormally the amount of melanin in the epidermis. [1][2][3][4][5] Some of the principle causes of hyperpigmentation are exposured to ultraviolet light, genetic reasons, metabolism, inflammation, infection, the endocrine system and reminded scars. [6][7][8] Melanin is synthesized in melanosomes of the melanocyte. The formed melanin granules are moved from the melanocytes cytoplasmic extensions to keratinocytes. 9,10) The melanocytes produce melanin by a process that involves the transformation of tyrosine into 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) by the enzyme tyrosinase and the subsequent transformation of DOPA into melanin. 5,11,12) Tyrosinase is the key enzyme in the pathway of melanogenesis. Tyrosinase plays a regulatory role in the production of melanin.13-15) Accordingly, the regulation of tyrosinase may not only control melanin production but also develop new therapy for pigmentation. Pharmaceutical agents which control melanin production or melanin metabolism are used as whitening agents. A number of whitening compounds have been screened for their effectiveness in reducing melanogenesis. 16)Radix Trichosanthis (RT) is the dry roots of Trichosanthis kirilowii MAXIM. (Cucurbitaceae) collected in the spring and fall. It is used in traditional Chinese medicine as an antiphlogistic, antifebrile, and cough remedy. It was also found to be effective as an abortifacient.17) It was found that the active principle of RT is a basic protein named trichosanthin.18) Recently, we have demonstrated that the water extracts of RT dose-dependently inhibit melanin synthesis and also abrogate cAMP-induced melanogenesis in B16 cells, but develops cytotoxicity.19) Thus, it would be important to abrogate the deleterious effects of RT using agents with a more physiological action.Radix Ginseng (RG) is the dry root of Panax ginseng C.A. MEY. (Araliaceae), a worldwide well-known traditional Chinese medicine with the popular name "ginseng". The wildgrowing or cultivated ginseng root is collected in the fall and used as a tonic.20) The major constituents of ginseng are the saponins, which include 30 kinds of ginsenoside. 21,22) Recently, it has been shown that panaxadiol fraction and its ginsenosides could induce the antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase and catalase, which are important for maintaining cell viability.23) Also RG possess adaptogen-like effect to foreign deleterious infringement. 24) In view of the above reports, it can be considered that RG inhibits the cytotoxicity caused by RT.Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effects of RG and RT on the melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sample and Preparation of ExtractRT and RG were standardized articles of the Korean pharmacopoeia (KP). The extracts...

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“…These agents act in different ways to lighten skin, but generally work by suppressing the production of melanin, the pigment which gives human skin its colour [13][14][15] . While effective in lightening skin colour, the products are also associated with health risks, such as dermatitis, impaired wound healing and adrenal suppression 12,16 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

"The fairer the better?" Use of potentially toxic skin bleaching products.

Darj¹,

Infanti²,

Ahlberg³

et al. 2016

Afr H. Sci.

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Abstract:Background: Skin bleaching is a widespread phenomenon in spite of their potentially toxic health effects. Objectives: This study aimed to determine if such products are used in Sweden in particular by pregnant women, furthermore to explore immigrant women's view skin bleaching. Methods: 455 pregnant women completed a questionnaire, which were statistically analysed. Focus groups and individual interviews were conducted with immigrant women, content analysis was used to assess the data. Results: Skin bleaching products were used by 2.6% of pregnant women, significantlly more by women born in non-European countries. Motivating factors were associated with the concept of beauty together with social and economic advantages. The women had low awareness of the potential health risks of the products. Regulations on the trade of skin bleaching products have not effectively reduced the availability of the products in Sweden nor the popularity of skin bleaching. Conclusion: There is need for further research especially among pregnant women and possible effects on newborns. Products should be tested for toxicity. Public health information should be developed and health care providers educated and aware of this practice, due to their potential negative health implications.

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Mechanism of Depigmentation by Hydroquinone

Cited by 279 publications

References 21 publications

Inhibitory Effects of .ALPHA.-Arbutin on Melanin Synthesis in Cultured Human Melanoma Cells and a Three-Dimensional Human Skin Model

Inhibitory Effects of .ALPHA.-Arbutin on Melanin Synthesis in Cultured Human Melanoma Cells and a Three-Dimensional Human Skin Model

Effect of Radix Ginseng and Radix Trichosanthis on the Melanogenesis

"The fairer the better?" Use of potentially toxic skin bleaching products.

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