Mechanism of embrittlement by liquid metals and other manifestations of the Rebinder effect in metal systems

Glikman, E. É.; Goryunov, Yu. V.

doi:10.1007/bf01154710

Cited by 15 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…In particular, when Al is added into the LM body, LM–Al droplets become self‐powered motors 63,64 . Such unique self‐propulsion phenomenon is due to the embrittlement of Al by Ga‐based LMs, known as the Rehbinder effect, 65 which can effectively remove oxides on Al surfaces and breaks Al into tiny pieces to activate the Al–H 2 O reaction (Figure 6a). 68 The LM droplet uses Al as fuel and is able to move spontaneously in solution environment for more than 1 h 63 .…”

Section: Droplet Types and Fabrication Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…phenomenon is due to the embrittlement of Al by Ga-based LMs, known as the Rehbinder effect, 65 which can effectively remove oxides on Al surfaces and breaks Al into tiny pieces to activate the Al-H 2 O reaction (Figure 6a). 68 The LM droplet uses Al as fuel and is able to move spontaneously in solution environment for more than 1 h. 63 Figure 6b shows the self-navigating movement of the LM-Al droplet motor in the circular, U-shaped, and zigzag channels, respectively.…”

Section: Self-powered Lm-al Motorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Liquid metal droplet dynamics

Zhao,

Qiao,

Zhou

et al. 2024

Droplet

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The unique properties to combine the dual merits of both liquids and metals together make the gallium‐based liquid metal (LM) droplets a class of unconventional substitute which possess great potential for a group of newly emerging areas, such as stretchable electronics, soft devices, micro sensors and actuators. In addition, LM droplets are undoubtedly an intriguing target worth of pursuing in fundamental hydrodynamic investigations due to their extremely high surface tension nature compared to classical nonmetallic fluids. Since the discovery of the diverse transformation phenomena and self‐fueled droplet mollusks of LM that can move automatically in solution via single electricity or even without any external energy supply, tremendous attentions were attracted to this special fluidic object of LM droplets. Over the past decade, there has been a proliferation of explorations on LM droplet dynamics, while the involved contents are heterogeneous due to the interfacial physical/chemical activity of the LM and the diversity of the kinetic behaviors. To better understand and manipulate the droplet behavior and to promote further development of the LMs, this review is dedicated to summarize the latest progress and presents an overview on basic findings related to LM macro‐droplet dynamics. Firstly, the extended definition of LM droplets and the corresponding fabrication methods are given. Then, typical works on LM droplet dynamics are systematically interpreted based on their different behavior categories. Finally, the perspectives, main obstacles and challenges restricting the development of LM droplet dynamics are pointed out.

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Section: Droplet Types and Fabrication Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Self-powered Lm-al Motorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid metal droplet dynamics

Zhao,

Qiao,

Zhou

et al. 2024

Droplet

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“…Abundant experimental and theoretical literature exists on LME model systems [5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. However, few data exists on the embrittlement of Fe-9Cr martensitic steels by LBE.…”

Section: T91 Steelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Zn as a spallation product on the behaviour of martensitic steel T91 and austenitic steel 316L in liquid Pb–Bi

Deloffre

Terlain

2004

Journal of Nuclear Materials

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“…Several theories have been presented that attempt to define the driving mechanism of LME; however, only a select few have not rejected through experimental findings. Of particular interest are four key models that were developed: the Decohesion model [5][6], Stress Assisted Dissolution model [7][8], Grain Boundary Diffusion model [9] and the Adsorption Induced Dislocation Emission (AIDE) model [10]. Each model provided experimental results to substantiate the theory; however, even among these four, some are more commonly accepted than others.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress Intensity Incubation Periods for the Al-Hg Coupled Subjected to LME

Keller

Gordon

2010

Volume 9: Mechanics of Solids, Structures and Fluids

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When in the presence of liquid metal environments, structural materials can potentially lose the ability to deform and plastically flow. In the case of a ductile material, the result of this reduction in flow ability is a transition from ductile to brittle behavior, resulting in a brittle-like failure. This phenomenon is known as liquid metal embrittlement (LME) and is a subset of the more commonly known family of environmentally assisted cracking (EAC). Both EAC and LME have a significant negative impact on structural materials that are designed to behave elastically. Previous research in all facets of EAC, including stress corrosion cracking (SCC), corrosion fatigue (CF) and LME, has revealed that structural materials subjected to loading will generate and propagate cracks at stresses and stress intensities well below the critical values for that material. Additionally, crack tip velocities have been predicted and observed to be orders of magnitude greater than in ambient environments, with velocities in the range of tens to hundreds of centimeters per second. A variety of experimental routines have been used to characterize the interaction and develop microstructural failure mechanism in LME; however, uncertainty still surrounds the true failure mechanism. In a novel experimental approach, the dependence of the stress intensity factor (SIF) on crack propagation in the presence of a liquid metal was observed. Fracture mechanics specimens machined from Al7075-T651 in the S-L orientation were fatigue pre-cracked and incubated under load while submersed in liquid mercury. The result was the observation of rupture times over a range of stress intensity factors. It was noted that any stress concentration could provide the necessary criterion for crack initiation and propagation, regardless of the presence of a crack. Critical stresses and critical microstructural orientations dictated rupture paths more so than a pre-formed fatigue crack. Further experimentation, involving original and novel methods, has been conducted to determine the relationship between the stress intensity factor, stress concentration and microstructural orientation. Ultimately, the goal to confirm, extend or reject current microstructural failure mechanisms can be achieved through continued experimental routines.

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Mechanism of embrittlement by liquid metals and other manifestations of the Rebinder effect in metal systems

Cited by 15 publications

References 2 publications

Liquid metal droplet dynamics

Liquid metal droplet dynamics

Influence of Zn as a spallation product on the behaviour of martensitic steel T91 and austenitic steel 316L in liquid Pb–Bi

Stress Intensity Incubation Periods for the Al-Hg Coupled Subjected to LME

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