Mechanism of Flavin Reduction and Oxidation in the Redox-Sensing Quinone Reductase Lot6p fromSaccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract

Quinone reductases are flavin-containing enzymes that have been implicated in protecting organisms from redox stress and, more recently, as redox switches controlling the action of the proteasome. The reactions of the catalytic cycle of the dimeric quinone reductase Lot6p from Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied in anaerobic stopped-flow experiments at 4° C. Both NADH and NADPH reacted similarly, reducing the FMN prosthetic group rapidly at saturation, but binding with very low affinity. The enzyme stereospecifically transferred the proS-hydride of NADPH with an isotope effect of 3.6, indicating that hydride transfer, and not an enzyme conformational change, is rate-determining in the reductive half-reaction. No intermediates such as charge-transfer complexes were detected. In the oxidative half-reaction, reduced enzyme reacted in a single phase with the six quinone substrates tested. The observed rate constants increased linearly with quinone concentration up to the limits allowed by solubility, indicating either a bimolecular reaction or very weak binding. The logarithm of the bimolecular rate constant increase linearly with the reduction potential of the quinone, consistent with the notion that quinone reductases strongly disfavor radical intermediates. Interestingly, both half-reactions of the catalytic cycle strongly resemble bioorganic model reactions; the reduction of Lot6p by NAD(P)H is moderately faster than non-enzymatic models, while the oxidation of Lot6p by quinones is actually slower than non-enzymatic reactions. This curious situation is consistent with the structure of Lot6p, which has a crease we propose to be the binding site for pyridine nucleotides, and space – but no obvious catalytic residues – near the flavin allowing the quinone to react. The decidedly sub-optimized catalytic cycle suggests that selective pressures other than maximizing quinone consumption shaped the evolution of Lot6p. This may reflect the importance of suppressing other potentially deleterious side-reactions, such as oxygen reduction, or it may indicate that the role Lot6p plays as a redox sensor in controlling the proteasome is more important than its role as a detoxifying enzyme.

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