Mechanism of Hyperbaric Oxygen Combined with Astaxanthin Mediating Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway to Improve Exercise Fatigue in Mice

Abstract

Objective. This work aimed to explore the application and optimization of the electrophysiological monitoring system to real-time monitor the exercise-induced fatigue (EIF) animals and investigate the intervention mechanism of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) combined with natural astaxanthin (NAX) on EIF. Methods. First, a system was constructed for acquisition, processing, and feature extraction of electrocardiograph (ECG) signal and surface electromyography (EMG) signal for EIF monitoring. The mice were randomly divided into a control group (CG), EIF group (EG), HBO treatment (HBO) group, and HBO combined with NAX treatment (HBO + NAX) group. The effect of the constructed system on classification recognition of EIF was analyzed. The levels of serum antioxidative stress indicators of mice in each group were detected, including malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), glutathione-peroxidation (GSH-Px), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC). In addition, the mRNA and protein levels of Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway related genes in liver tissue were detected. Results. The results showed that the normalized least mean squares algorithm effectively removed the motion artifact interference of ECG signal and can clearly display the signal peak, and high-pass filtering and power frequency filtering effectively removed the motion and baseline drift interference of surface EMG signal. The recognition sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the EIF recognition model based on the long- and short-term memory network were 90.0%, 93.3%, and 92.5%, respectively. Compared with the CG, the characteristics of ECG signal and surface EMG signal of the mice in the EIF group changed greatly ( P < 0.05 ); the serum MDA level was increased obviously; the CAT, SOD, GSH, GSH-Px, and T-AOC levels were observably reduced ( P < 0.05 ); the expressions of Keap1 and HO-1 in the liver were reduced remarkably, while the expression of Nrf2 was increased notably ( P < 0.05 ). Compared with the EIF group, the characteristics of ECG signal and surface EMG signal of the mice in the HBO and HBO + NAX groups were obviously improved ( P < 0.05 ); the serum MDA level was significantly reduced; the CAT, SOD, GSH, GSH-Px, and T-AOC levels were greatly increased ( P < 0.05 ); the expressions of Keap1 and HO-1 in the liver were greatly increased, while the expression of Nrf2 was decreased sharply ( P < 0.05 ). Conclusion. Therefore, the feature extraction and classification system of ECG signal combined with surface EMG signal could realize real-time monitoring of EIF status. HBO intervention could improve the body’s ability to resist oxidative stress through the Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and then improve the EIF state. In addition, the improvement effect of HBO + NAX was more obvious.

Dietary Polysaccharides Exert Anti-Fatigue Functions via the Gut-Muscle Axis: Advances and Prospectives

“…Elevated ROS will not only lead to an imbalance of the redox system in the body, but may also trigger the lipid peroxidation of the mitochondrial membrane and disrupt mitochondrial functions, affecting energy supply and ultimately leading to fatigue [ 44 , 45 ]. Additionally, excessive free radicals produced during exercise can lead to multiple cell/organelle damage and tissue/organ pathophysiological changes, thereby affecting exercise capacity [ 46 , 47 ].…”

“…Furthermore, as a typical cellular antioxidant regulator at the transcriptional level, nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2) can control the basic and induced expression of a series of antioxidant response element-dependent genes [ 69 , 97 ]. Studies have proven that the activation of the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)/Nrf2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway is the dominant mechanism of cellular defense systems against oxidative stress, and it also participates in enhancing the exercise-induced fatigue state [ 47 , 94 ]. Usually, Nrf2 is present in the cytoplasm and binds to the inhibitory protein Keap1, but the activated Nrf2 can promote its separation from Keap1, subsequently binding to the antioxidant response element in the nucleus to control the transcriptions of downstream genes (SOD, CAT, and HO-1) and exacerbate its anti-oxidation ability [ 3 , 97 ].…”

Signaling pathways regulated by natural active ingredients in the fight against exercise fatigue-a review

“…Astaxanthin ( Zhang and Gao, 2022 ), sulforaphane ( Ruhee and Suzuki, 2020 ), gastrodin ( Zhang et al, 2023 ), and embryo chicken egg extract ( Zhang et al, 2021 ) enhance antioxidant stress and improve exercise tolerance in mice by interfering with the AMPK and Nrf2 signaling pathways. Extracts of A. japonica were found to contain dithranolone, which is the most biologically active substance in A. japonica .…”

Retracted: Mechanism of Hyperbaric Oxygen Combined with Astaxanthin Mediating Keap1/Nrf2/HO‐1 Pathway to Improve Exercise Fatigue in Mice

“…Tis article has been retracted by Hindawi following an investigation undertaken by the publisher [1]. Tis investigation has uncovered evidence of one or more of the following indicators of systematic manipulation of the publication process:…”

“…This article has been retracted by Hindawi following an investigation undertaken by the publisher [ 1 ]. This investigation has uncovered evidence of one or more of the following indicators of systematic manipulation of the publication process: Discrepancies in scope Discrepancies in the description of the research reported Discrepancies between the availability of data and the research described Inappropriate citations Incoherent, meaningless and/or irrelevant content included in the article Peer-review manipulation …”