Mechanism of lipid‐body formation in prokaryotes: how bacteria fatten up

Wältermann, Marc; Hinz, Andreas; Robenek, Horst; Troyer, David; Reichelt, Rudolf; Malkus, Ursula; Galla, Hans‐Joachim; Kalscheuer, Rainer; Stöveken, Tim; Landenberg, Philipp von; Steinbüchel, Alexander

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04441.x

Cited by 217 publications

(206 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…in the dogfish Squalus acanthias) (62). Triglycerides in general are well known storage compounds of carbon and energy, which are used by several eukaryotes like mammals and plants (12), but have only rarely been found in prokaryotes, which in some cases seem to use polyhydroxyalkanoates instead (63)(64)(65)(66)(67)(68).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Iso-branched Ether Lipids as Specific Markers of Developmental Sporulation in the Myxobacterium Myxococcus xanthus

Ring

Schwär

Thiel

et al. 2006

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Myxobacteria are Gram-negative soil bacteria that can form fruiting bodies under starvation conditions (1). These fruiting bodies are visible to the naked eye and can reach a tree-like complexity in some species. During the developmental process, a certain amount of vegetative cells differentiates into heat-and desiccation-resistant myxospores enabling the survival of the colony. The model organism to study this highly complex process is Myxococcus xanthus from which different extracellular signals and regulators have already been described that can be combined in a model likely reflecting the essential parts of the underlying regulatory network (2, 3). However, the biochemical changes that are involved in this process or appear as a result of it have been barely identified. That biochemical changes occur is evident from change in cell shape from vegetative rods to round myxospores with thick spore coats (4, 5) and high amounts of trehalose (6), which is proposed to act as a compatible solute. Furthermore, the pioneering work of White and co-workers (7-9) showed that several enzymes involved in increase of carbohydrate biosynthesis are induced during sporulation.Ten years ago, Downard and coworkers identified a mutant that was disrupted in the branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase (Bkd) 2 complex, which resulted in a developmental phenotype forming almost no aggregates or spores under starvation conditions (10). The Bkd complex is involved in the degradation of the branched-chain amino acids leucine, valine, and isoleucine, with all three being essential amino acids for M. xanthus (11). The degradation products of these amino acids are isovaleryl-CoA, isobutyryl-CoA, and 2-methylbutyryl-CoA, respectively (12), which are used as starting units for iso-and anteiso-fatty acids and also for several secondary metabolites from different bacteria (e.g. avermectin from Streptomyces avermitilis (13) or myxothiazol (14), myxalamides (15), and aurafuron * This work was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Grants Bo1834/3-1 and Bo1834/4-1 (to H. B. B.) and Schu984/6-1 (to S. S.). The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. □ S The on-line version of this article (available at http://www.jbc.org) contains supplemental text and references. 1 To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 49-681-302-5494; Fax:49-681-302-5473; E-mail: h.bode@mx.uni-saarland.de.2 The abbreviations used are: Bkd, branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase; FA, fatty acid; SCFA, straight-chain fatty acid; FAME, fatty acid methyl ester; IVA, isovalerate;

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Iso-branched Ether Lipids as Specific Markers of Developmental Sporulation in the Myxobacterium Myxococcus xanthus

Ring

Schwär

Thiel

et al. 2006

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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“…Although several hypotheses on the process of LD formation have been proposed and discussed (Wanner et al 1981;Murphy et al 1999;Zweytick et al 2000;Waltermann et al 2005;Ploegh 2007) none are sufficiently proven or refuted by the available experimental data. The classical model postulates budding of the lipid ester globule covered by the cytoplasmic leaflet of the ER membrane and explains the basic LD structure easily (Murphy et al 1999).…”

Section: Biogenesis Of Lipid Dropletsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3; Yen et al 2008;Chang et al 2009). Hydrophobic lipid esters are likely to be deposited inside the ER membrane, although wax esters of bacterial LDs are thought to accumulate on the membrane surface (Waltermann et al 2005). A small amount of lipid esters can be assimilated in the phospholipid bilayer (Hamilton et al 1982;Hamilton 1989), but when the solubility limit is exceeded, lipid esters are thought to precipitate out between the two leaflets.…”

Section: Biogenesis Of Lipid Dropletsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Not Just Fat: The Structure and Function of the Lipid Droplet

Fujimoto

Parton²

2011

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology

408

336

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Lipid droplets (LDs) are independent organelles that are composed of a lipid ester core and a surface phospholipid monolayer. Recent studies have revealed many new proteins, functions, and phenomena associated with LDs. In addition, a number of diseases related to LDs are beginning to be understood at the molecular level. It is now clear that LDs are not an inert store of excess lipids but are dynamically engaged in various cellular functions, some of which are not directly related to lipid metabolism. Compared to conventional membrane organelles, there are still many uncertainties concerning the molecular architecture of LDs and how each function is placed in a structural context. Recent findings and remaining questions are discussed.

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“…Accumulation of lipids occurs in many eukaryotic cells and is a rather common means of storing carbon and energy. Lipid droplets (LDs) can be found in all eukaryotes, such as yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Leber et al, 1994), mammals (Murphy, 2001;Hodges and Wu, 2010), Caenorhabditis elegans (Zhang et al, 2010;Mak, 2012), Drosophila melanogaster (Beller et al, 2006(Beller et al, , 2010, and plants (Hsieh and Huang, 2004), but also in prokaryotes (Wältermann et al, 2005). The basic structure of an LD is a core of neutral lipids covered by a phospholipid monolayer.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Specialization of Oleosins in Oil Body Dynamics during Seed Development in Arabidopsis Seeds

et al. 2014

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Oil bodies (OBs) are seed-specific lipid storage organelles that allow the accumulation of neutral lipids that sustain plantlet development after the onset of germination. OBs are covered with specific proteins embedded in a single layer of phospholipids. Using fluorescent dyes and confocal microscopy, we monitored the dynamics of OBs in living Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) embryos at different stages of development. Analyses were carried out with different genotypes: the wild type and three mutants affected in the accumulation of various oleosins (OLE1, OLE2, and OLE4), three major OB proteins. Image acquisition was followed by a detailed statistical analysis of OB size and distribution during seed development in the four dimensions (x, y, z, and t). Our results indicate that OB size increases sharply during seed maturation, in part by OB fusion, and then decreases until the end of the maturation process. In single, double, and triple mutant backgrounds, the size and spatial distribution of OBs are modified, affecting in turn the total lipid content, which suggests that the oleosins studied have specific functions in the dynamics of lipid accumulation.The seed is a complex, specific structure that allows a quiescent plant embryo to cope with unfavorable germinating conditions and also permits dissemination of the species. To achieve these functions, seeds accumulate reserve compounds that will ensure the survival of the embryo and fuel the growth of the plantlet upon germination. Accumulation of lipids occurs in many eukaryotic cells and is a rather common means of storing carbon and energy. Lipid droplets (LDs) can be found in all eukaryotes, such as yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae;

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Mechanism of lipid‐body formation in prokaryotes: how bacteria fatten up

Cited by 217 publications

References 48 publications

Novel Iso-branched Ether Lipids as Specific Markers of Developmental Sporulation in the Myxobacterium Myxococcus xanthus

Novel Iso-branched Ether Lipids as Specific Markers of Developmental Sporulation in the Myxobacterium Myxococcus xanthus

Not Just Fat: The Structure and Function of the Lipid Droplet

Specialization of Oleosins in Oil Body Dynamics during Seed Development in Arabidopsis Seeds

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