Mechanism of northern pike invasion in the Columbia River Basin

Carim, Kellie J.; Eby, Lisa A.; Miller, Loren M.; McLellan, Holly J.; Dupuis, Virgil; Schwartz, Michael K.

doi:10.3391/mbi.2022.13.1.10

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Our results contribute to a broader emerging story of pike as an increasingly successful global invader (Dunker et al, 2018 ). In the Colorado River, pike have been a conservation challenge since the 1970s (Tyus & Beard, 1990 ) and the recent invasion and spread of pike in tributaries of the Columbia River is a cause of widespread concern (Carim et al, 2019 ; Carim et al, 2022 ; Muhlfeld et al, 2008 ). Our findings, coupled with the observations of successful invasions elsewhere, make clear that pike are not limited, at least in the short term, by their lack of genetic diversity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomics reveal the origins and current structure of a genetically depauperate freshwater species in its introduced Alaskan range

Campbell

Hale

Jalbert

et al. 2023

Evolutionary Applications

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Invasive species are a major threat to global biodiversity, yet also represent large‐scale unplanned ecological and evolutionary experiments to address fundamental questions in nature. Here we analyzed both native and invasive populations of predatory northern pike (Esox lucius) to characterize landscape genetic variation, determine the most likely origins of introduced populations, and investigate a presumably postglacial population from Southeast Alaska of unclear provenance. Using a set of 4329 SNPs from 351 individual Alaskan northern pike representing the most widespread geographic sampling to date, our results confirm low levels of genetic diversity in native populations (average 𝝅 of 3.18 × 10−4) and even less in invasive populations (average 𝝅 of 2.68 × 10−4) consistent with bottleneck effects. Our analyses indicate that invasive northern pike likely came from multiple introductions from different native Alaskan populations and subsequently dispersed from original introduction sites. At the broadest scale, invasive populations appear to have been founded from two distinct regions of Alaska, indicative of two independent introduction events. Genetic admixture resulting from introductions from multiple source populations may have mitigated the negative effects associated with genetic bottlenecks in this species with naturally low levels of genetic diversity. Genomic signatures strongly suggest an excess of rare, population‐specific alleles, pointing to a small number of founding individuals in both native and introduced populations consistent with a species' life history of limited dispersal and gene flow. Lastly, the results strongly suggest that a small isolated population of pike, located in Southeast Alaska, is native in origin rather than stemming from a contemporary introduction event. Although theory predicts that lack of genetic variation may limit colonization success of novel environments, we detected no evidence that a lack of standing variation limited the success of this genetically depauperate apex predator.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomics reveal the origins and current structure of a genetically depauperate freshwater species in its introduced Alaskan range

Campbell

Hale

Jalbert

et al. 2023

Evolutionary Applications

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“…Given the well-supported clustering observed here across different populations in North America, population management may be feasible as reported for the congener Esox masquinongy (Rougemont et al, 2019). As an example, genetic markers have been used to determine the likely source of an introduced invasive population of northern pike in eastern Washington State, finding that it was likely a human-mediated transfer from disconnected populations in Idaho (Carim et al, 2022). To determine the ability to perform stock identification in the populations identified here would require further analysis with larger sample sizes to determine the expected power of genetic assignment tests (e.g., Moran & Anderson, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Loss of genetic variation and sex determination system in North American northern pike characterized by whole-genome resequencing

Johnson

Rondeau

Minkley

et al. 2020

Preprint

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We present a chromosome-level, long-read genome assembly as a reference for northern pike (Esox lucius) where 97.5% of the genome is chromosome-anchored and N50 falls at 37.5 Mb. Whole-genome resequencing was genotyped using this assembly for 47 northern pike representing six North American populations from Alaska to New Jersey. We discovered that a disproportionate frequency of genetic polymorphism exists among populations east and west of the North American Continental Divide (NACD), indicating reproductive isolation across this barrier. Genome-wide analysis of heterozygous SNP density revealed a remarkable lack of genetic variation with 1 polymorphic site every 6.3kb in the Yukon River drainage and one every 16.5kb east of the NACD. Observed heterozygosity (H o ), nucleotide diversity (π), and Tajima's D are depressed in populations east of the NACD (east vs. west: H o : 0.092 vs 0.31; π : 0.092 vs 0.28; Tajima's D: -1.61 vs -0.47). We confirm the presence of the master sex determining (MSD) gene, amhby, in the Yukon River drainage and in an invasive population in British Columbia and confirm its absence in populations east of the NACD. We also describe an Alaskan populationwhere amhby is present but not associated with male gender determination. Our results support that northern pike originally colonized North America through Beringia, that Alaska provided an unglaciated refugium for northern pike during the last ice age, and southeast of the NACD was colonized by a small founding population(s) that lost amhby.

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Mechanical suppression of invasive Northern Pike in Box Canyon Reservoir, Washington

Bean,

Connor,

Olson

et al. 2024

N American J Fish Manag

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ObjectiveNorthern Pike Esox lucius recently invaded Box Canyon Reservoir, Washington, expanding to over 10,000 individuals by 2011. To limit further impacts, a significant reduction in population abundance was required. Project objectives were to reduce relative abundance (catch per unit effort [CPUE]) to less than 1.7 Northern Pike/net (87% reduction) in the core area and to less than 0.5 Northern Pike/net in the northern reservoir section within 3 years and then maintain those abundance targets thereafter.MethodsUsing gill nets, we conducted intensive annual (2012–2018) suppression each spring, focusing on spawning aggregations in shallow (<2‐m), flooded habitats. To evaluate CPUE, a standardized spring pike index netting (SPIN) survey was conducted annually in May and compared to suppression netting CPUE.ResultIn total, 17,464 Northern Pike were removed in 4868 net sets, with 92.9% captured in the first 3 years, limiting future recruitment. Mean SPIN CPUE in the core area declined from a presuppression (2011) high of 13.2 Northern Pike/net to less than 1.0 Northern Pike/net by 2014. Effort was reduced by up to 80% as the project transitioned from the initial suppression phase (2012–2014) to a control phase (2015–2018), which explored the minimum effort required to maintain abundance targets. A significant rebound in CPUE occurred from 2017 to 2018, indicating that over 267 net sets annually may be required for long‐term control. Although the mean CPUE (±95% confidence interval) increased slightly in 2018 (0.6 ± 0.5 Northern Pike/net), the target abundance in the core area was achieved annually from 2013 to 2018. Changes in suppression CPUE reflected those observed in SPIN surveys, further validating the survey and corroborating abundance trends.ConclusionResults demonstrate that the suppression of Northern Pike in large, complex waters is feasible but requires a substantial long‐term commitment. We expect the suppression of this invasive species to become standard practice outside of its native range. The methodology and equipment described here could be applied directly or modified by others to suppress Northern Pike.

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Mechanism of northern pike invasion in the Columbia River Basin

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Genomics reveal the origins and current structure of a genetically depauperate freshwater species in its introduced Alaskan range

Genomics reveal the origins and current structure of a genetically depauperate freshwater species in its introduced Alaskan range

Loss of genetic variation and sex determination system in North American northern pike characterized by whole-genome resequencing

Mechanical suppression of invasive Northern Pike in Box Canyon Reservoir, Washington

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