Mechanism of the SNARC Effect in Numerical Magnitude, Time Sequence, and Spatial Sequence Tasks: Involvement of LTM and WM

Wang, Qiangqiang; Liu, Mowei; Shi, Wendian; Kang, Jingmei

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01558

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…For example, when Previtali et al (2010) instructed participants to learn a list of nine words and then perform an order-relevant classification task or order-irrelevant classification task, the researchers were able to replicate the ordinal position effect in serial learning. Although most studies have found that all numbers and order information were represented spatially, several studies have indicated that the mechanism of the SNARC effect and the ordinal position effect was different (Casarotti et al, 2007;Dehaene et al, 1993;Dodd et al, 2008;Ginsburg & Gevers, 2015;Jan, Janosch, Telse, Marcus, & Sven, 2013;Nakhai, Pesciarelli, Mapelli, & Cacciari, 2012;Turconi, Campbell, & Seron, 2006;Wang, Liu, Shi, & Kang, 2018;Zhao et al, 2012). For example, Dodd et al (2008) investigated whether letters, days, and months could shift individual attention in a way similar to numbers, and they found that while numbers could shift individual attention to the left or right according to numerical magnitude, the same was not true for letters, days, and months.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mechanism of the Ordinal Position Effect: Stability Across Sense Modalities and the Hands Crossed Context

et al. 2019

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The ordinal position effect posits that items positioned earlier in an ordinal sequence are responded to faster with the left key than the right key, and items positioned later in an ordinal sequence are responded to faster with the right key than the left key. Although the mechanism of the ordinal position effect has been investigated in many studies, it is unclear whether the ordinal position effect can extend to the auditory modality and the hands crossed context. Therefore, the present study employed days as the order information to investigate this question. Days were visually or acoustically displayed on a screen in random order, and participants were instructed to judge whether the probe day they perceived was before or after the current day (days-relevant task) or to identify the color or voice of the probe day they perceived (days-irrelevant task). The results indicate the following: (a) The days before the current day were responded to faster with the left key than the right key, and the days after the current day were responded to faster with the right key than the left key, both when the days-relevant task and the days-irrelevant task were performed, regardless of the sense modality. (b) The ordinal position effect for judgments of days was also obtained in the auditory modality even when the hands were crossed. These results indicate that the ordinal position effect can extend to the auditory modality and the hands crossed context, similar to the spatial-numerical association of response codes effect of numbers.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mechanism of the Ordinal Position Effect: Stability Across Sense Modalities and the Hands Crossed Context

et al. 2019

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“…Numbers are known to be represented spatially from left to right according to their numerical magnitude on the mental number line (Cho & Proctor, 2003;Dehaene et al, 1993;Treccani, & Umiltà, 2011). Therefore, regardless of whether the external numerical spatial locations were induced by presenting numbers on the left or the right of a screen or whether the memorized numerical spatial locations were induced by presenting successive numbers from left to right or from right to left, the SNARC effect could not be overridden by the numerical spatial location even when numerical spatial location classification was the task to be performed (Mapelli, Rusconi, & Umiltà, 2003;Wang et al, 2018). Thus, the association effect between the representation space of a stimulus and the response space is strong and cannot be influenced by either the external (physical) spatial location or the internal (mental) spatial location of stimulus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although both numbers and ordinal symbols were represented spatially and therefore led to the SNARC effect and ordinal position effect in the processing of numbers and ordinal symbols, respectively, several studies have found that the processing mechanisms for numbers and ordinal symbols differ (Dodd et al, 2008;Mapelli et al, 2003;Wang et al, 2018). For example, Dodd et al (2008) found that numbers can shift individual attention automatically, but that ordinal symbols shifted one's attention only when the ordinal position was strongly activated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mental whiteboard hypothesis sufficiently explained the ordinal position effect in the processing of all types of ordinal symbols. In addition, further studies found that the use of internal spatial templates was very creative and flexible and easily influenced by the experiential and experimental contexts (Abrahamse et al, 2016;Abrahamse et al, 2014;Botvinick & Watanabe, 2007;Darling, Allen, & Havelka, 2017;Wang, Liu, Shi, & Kang, 2018). These findings suggest that the spatial coding of ordinal symbols may be flexible because the binding of ordinal symbols depends on the choice of internal spatial templates, which is creative and flexible.…”

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confidence: 95%

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The spatial coding mechanism of ordinal symbols: a study based on the ordinal position effect

Shi

Wang

Zhao

et al. 2019

Atten Percept Psychophys

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The ordinal position effect refers to a phenomenon in which items positioned early in an ordinal sequence receive a faster response with the left key than with the right key, and the opposite response pattern occurs when items are positioned later in an ordinal sequence. Previous studies have suggested that ordinal symbols are spatially represented from left to right, thus leading to the ordinal position effect; however, the spatial coding mechanism of ordinal symbols remains unclear. Therefore, the present study explored the ordinal position effect as an index to judge the spatial coding of ordinal symbols, and three experiments were performed to investigate the spatial coding mechanism of ordinal symbols. In particular, a novel transitory ordinal sequence was induced by presenting successive dots of different colors centrally (Experiment 1), from left to right or from right to left (Experiments 2 and 3), and participants were asked to memorize the successive dots in the correct order. Then, the participants were asked to press a key to provide a response corresponding to a probe dot's ordinal position (Experiments 1 and 2) or its spatial location (Experiment 3). The following results were identified: (1) The ordinal position effect occurred when responses were based on the ordinal position regardless of the presentation direction, and (2) the ordinal position effect was overridden when responses were based on the spatial locations of the ordinal symbols. From these results, we concluded that the spatial coding of ordinal symbols is flexible and that ordinal symbols are encoded depending on the specific experimental context.

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“…The authors defined this compatibility effect as the spatial-numerical association of response codes (SNARC) effect (Dehaene et al, 1990(Dehaene et al, , 1993. Further studies found that the SNARC effect could be captured not only in the processing of Arabic numbers (Didino et al, 2019;Wang et al, 2018) but also in the processing of other types of symbolic (e.g., French numerical words and Chinese numbers ;De Brauwer et al, 2008;Liu et al, 2004) and nonsymbolic numbers (e.g., water quantities, note values, visual illusions, luminance; Fumarola et al, 2014;Kirjakovski & Utsuki, 2012;Prpic et al, 2016Prpic et al, , 2018). An increasing number of studies have captured this compatibility effect in the processing of ordinal symbols in which the initial items in ordinal sequences are responded to faster with the left hand than with the right hand and the subsequent items in ordinal sequences are responded to faster with the right hand than with the left hand (Gevers et al, 2003;Previtali et al, 2010;van Dijck & Fias, 2011).…”

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confidence: 99%

Influence of Number Location on the SNARC Effect: Evidence From the Processing of Rotated Traditional Chinese Numerical Words

2020

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Studies have widely captured the spatial-numerical association of response codes (SNARC) effect in the processing of various types of numbers in which small numbers are responded to faster with the left hand than with the right hand and larger numbers are responded to faster with the right hand than with the left hand. Although a few studies have explored Arabic numbers to further investigate the influence of number location on the SNARC effect, it remains unclear whether the influence of number location on the SNARC effect is moderated by numerical semantic processing difficulty and the task performed. This study explored traditional Chinese numerical words and rotated them to certain angles, which can increase numerical semantic processing difficulty, to further investigate the influence of the stimulus–response compatibility effect and Simon effect on the SNARC effect in a space classification task (Experiment 1), numerical magnitude classification task (Experiment 2), numerical parity classification task (Experiment 3), and color classification task (Experiment 4). The results indicated that (a) the stimulus–response compatibility effect, not the SNARC effect, prevailed in the numerical space classification task; (b) the SNARC effect, not the Simon effect, prevailed in the numerical magnitude and parity classification task; and (c) the Simon effect and the SNARC effect coexisted in the color classification task. These results suggested that the influence of number location on the SNARC effect was moderated by the task performed. Implications for the theory of the SNARC effect and Simon effect are discussed.

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Mechanism of the SNARC Effect in Numerical Magnitude, Time Sequence, and Spatial Sequence Tasks: Involvement of LTM and WM

Cited by 14 publications

References 53 publications

The Mechanism of the Ordinal Position Effect: Stability Across Sense Modalities and the Hands Crossed Context

The Mechanism of the Ordinal Position Effect: Stability Across Sense Modalities and the Hands Crossed Context

The spatial coding mechanism of ordinal symbols: a study based on the ordinal position effect

Influence of Number Location on the SNARC Effect: Evidence From the Processing of Rotated Traditional Chinese Numerical Words

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