2012
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-081211-172912
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Mechanisms and Evolution of Virulence in Oomycetes

Abstract: Many destructive diseases of plants and animals are caused by oomycetes, a group of eukaryotic pathogens important to agricultural, ornamental, and natural ecosystems. Understanding the mechanisms underlying oomycete virulence and the genomic processes by which those mechanisms rapidly evolve is essential to developing effective long-term control measures for oomycete diseases. Several common mechanisms underlying oomycete virulence, including protein toxins and cell-entering effectors, have emerged from compa… Show more

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Cited by 184 publications
(168 citation statements)
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References 125 publications
(234 reference statements)
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“…Many effector genes are strain specific: Only 45 of the 550 predicted RXLR effector genes have intact coding sequences and are induced in planta in all examined strains (Cooke et al 2012). In the soybean pathogen Phytophthora sojae, 10% -15% of RXLR effectors are highly expressed during infection (Jiang and Tyler 2012). This suggests that the majority of the RXLR effectors of P. infestans and P. sojae are dispensable and possibly encode redundant functions.…”
Section: Effector-targeted Pathways: Functional Redundancy Among Pathmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Many effector genes are strain specific: Only 45 of the 550 predicted RXLR effector genes have intact coding sequences and are induced in planta in all examined strains (Cooke et al 2012). In the soybean pathogen Phytophthora sojae, 10% -15% of RXLR effectors are highly expressed during infection (Jiang and Tyler 2012). This suggests that the majority of the RXLR effectors of P. infestans and P. sojae are dispensable and possibly encode redundant functions.…”
Section: Effector-targeted Pathways: Functional Redundancy Among Pathmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Several genes occupy the gene-sparse, repeat-rich regions of P. infestans and are involved in epigenetic processes that result in transcriptional or post-transcriptional modification of gene expression without the alteration of DNA sequence (Haas et al 2009;Jiang and Tyler 2012;Raffaele et al 2010a;Slotkin and Martienssen 2007). Small RNA, DNA methylation, and histone modulation can limit gene expression at a target locus or promoter.…”
Section: Genomic Analysis Of Phytophthora Infestansmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Small RNA, DNA methylation, and histone modulation can limit gene expression at a target locus or promoter. This may contribute in part to genome plasticity in P. infestans by regulating transposon activity and rapid gene expression changes for various characteristics such as host adaptation in lineages (Haas et al 2009;Jiang and Tyler 2012;Raffaele et al 2010b).…”
Section: Genomic Analysis Of Phytophthora Infestansmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Once delivered into the host cell, the pathogen molecule functions in large part to abrogate host defenses and/or facilitate pathogen survival. While the mechanism(s) and targeting of host defenses by pathogen effectors has made significant strides over the past decade, one area of research whose mechanism remains largely undefined is the process of host entry (Jiang and Tyler 2012). In this regard, recent debate has challenged the role of the RXLR/PI3P-mediated effector entry, and specifically, has proposed the importance of a positively charged patch over the canonical RXLR (Ellis and Dodds 2011;Yaenoa et al 2011).…”
Section: Life Cycle and Infection Stagesmentioning
confidence: 99%