Mechanisms and Pathophysiology of Mild Head Injury

Elson, Lawrence M.; Ward, Carley C.

doi:10.1055/s-2008-1041053

Cited by 60 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Babbs By means of neuropsychological tests they arrived at conclusion that heading does not have any influence on worsening these functions. These result, however, differ from neuropsychicologocal literature which states that repeated minor head injuries results in structural damage, tracable in neuropsychic tests (Elson & Ward 1994;Goodman, 1994).…”

Section: Introductioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…Symptoms of mild traumatic brain injury fade away quickly in most cases, nevertheless, long-term repetitive strain may induce permanent health problems (Gronwall & Wrightson, 1975;Rieder & Jansen, 2011). Neuropsychological literature puts it that permanent mild head injury results in a structural damage that can be detected via neuropsychological tests (Elson & Ward 1994;Goodman, 1994). Rutherford et al (2003) mention two causes of cumulative injuries in football.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Injury risks of heading in young football players

Lukášek¹,

Kalichová²

2015

jhse

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Lukášek, M., & Kalichová, M. (2015). Injury risks of heading in young football players. J. Hum. Sport Exerc., 9(Proc1), pp.S490-S499. The aim of the research is to contribute to findings concerning increasingly acute problems connected with heading in football. Unlike most of available studies where heading with adults is dealt with, our study focuses primarily on heading with children. 16 children aged 10, weighing 36.2 ± 4.7 kg took part in the research. Each tested person executed headings of a ball dropped from 0 m (3.13 m/s), 1 m (4.43 m/s) and 1,5 m (5.43 m/s) ie. 3 headings in total. The total number of tests was 48. A triaxial accelerometer (1000 Hz) was used in the measurements. As presumed, with increasing drop-height the head acceleration increased on impact. With drop-height of 0.5 m we recorded 59.4±15.8 m·s-2, with 1 m we measured 76.4±15 m·s-2 and 100.1±25 m·s-2 from 1.5 m. These acceleration values do not pose danger if individual, however, we came to conclusion that repeated impacts, especially those of higher speed, may lead to functional problems of a child's brain.

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Section: Introductioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Injury risks of heading in young football players

Lukášek¹,

Kalichová²

2015

jhse

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“…The reason is that NSE is also present in red blood cells and platelets and any elevation may have a possible extracranial source of release [14]. One other issue with this biomarker is the difficulty in defining the optimal point of time for taking NSE measurements since the biological half-life is more than 20 h. This slow elimination makes an assessment of the amount of primary damage difficult to ascertain, and one cannot distinguish between primary injury and secondary injuries [13,14]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The biomarker needs to give the most accurate data on the extent of the injury, its timing and the identification of its most likely outcome. Many early studies included serum measurements of different enzymes such as glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, lactic dehydrogenase and others [13,14,15]. These early reports looking for biomarkers demonstrated an increased enzyme activity in serum in many head-injured patients, but, as expected, their specificity for brain injury was insufficient.…”

Section: Characterization Of An Ideal Biochemical Markermentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum Biochemical Markers for Brain Damage in Children with Emphasis on Mild Head Injury

Menascu

Brezner²,

Tshechmer³

et al. 2010

Pediatr Neurosurg

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Despite the high incidence of mild pediatric head injuries, only within the past few years has there been increased interest and research in this area. This interest began when the findings from research done in adult patients showed that the effects of mild closed head injuries could interfere significantly with higher cognitive functioning, which impacted daily activities and employment. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often involves a combination of mechanical trauma and local hypoxemia, on which serum biomarker concentrations may provide critical therapeutic data to time the brain injury. Biochemical serum markers after TBI may be used as a source for the identification of the injury, the extent of the injury and the time of its occurrence, and even for identifying its most likely outcome. This article discusses current research and theories regarding biochemical serum markers in brain injury with an emphasis on their impact on and utility in mild head injury in children.

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“…Historically, many investigators of the early 1990s were of the belief that concussion of the brain could occur without evidence of cellular or vascular lesions of the cerebrum, and a number of studies were cited by Denny and Russel [7,8,13]. Others found areas of petechiae, in the absence of other lesions, after fatal brain injury [13]. In 1943, Holbourn stated that the relative motion between brain constituents is insignificant in linear acceleration, but not so in angular acceleration [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Minor Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) in Ice Hockey and Other Contact Sports

et al. 2005

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European Journal of Trauma Ab stractMinor Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) is caused by the inertial effect of a mechanical impact to the head with sudden rotational acceleration forces. MTBI produces, in the less severe cases, only transient disturbances of ionic homeostasis with temporary disturbances of brain function. Depending on the severity of the trauma, animal and human studies have demonstrated focal intraaxonal alterations in neurofilamentous/cytoskeletal network and impairment of axoplasmic transport, which may lead to progressive axonal swelling, detachment or even cell death over a period of hours or days, the so-called process of delayed axotomy. Disturbances of ionic homeostasis, acute metabolic changes and cerebral blood flow alterations compromise the ability of neurons to function and render brain cells vulnerable. These processes may predispose brain cells to a vulnerable state for an undetermined period; therefore, it is recommended that any confused player with or without amnesia should be taken off the ice and not be permitted to play again for at least 72 h. Key Words Cerebral concussion · Minor Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) · International Sports Injury System (ISIS) · Epidemiology · Mechanisms · Process of delayed axotomy · Vulnerability of the brain cells · Return-to-play guidelines · Prevention strategiesEur J Trau ma 2005;31:105-16

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Mechanisms and Pathophysiology of Mild Head Injury

Cited by 60 publications

References 2 publications

Injury risks of heading in young football players

Injury risks of heading in young football players

Serum Biochemical Markers for Brain Damage in Children with Emphasis on Mild Head Injury

Minor Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) in Ice Hockey and Other Contact Sports

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