Mechanisms behind the spontaneous growth of Tin whiskers on the Ti2SnC ceramics

Liu, Yushuang; Lu, Chengjie; Zhang, Peigen; Yu, Jin; Zhang, Yamei; Sun, ZhengMing

doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2019.12.027

Cited by 41 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The large volume of the material then either forms into the dysmorphic growth with continuously high pressure or allows remolding of the hillocks into faceted forms that slowly grow when the pressure is reduced. The faceting is formed directly as a result of the oriented attachment and reorganization coupled with the minimization of the surface energy through facete formation, which is also observed and theoretically evaluated for Sn whiskers [ 64 ]. All the discussed growths can be of mixed type depending on the pressure changes, Pb region volume and the speed of Bi-Mg expansion, leading to coupled forms such as hillock-whisker form as observed in Figure 2 a.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first major opportunity of the system is to disclose the relation of the possible presence of amorphous phase and nanocrystallites during the nucleation and growth of whiskers. Many researchers state that the formation of IMC [ 5 , 64 ] has a leading role in the development of whiskers and their growth causes the expansion of the whisker length and additional whisker growth over time [ 12 ]. However, the IMC growth has limited explanation for the exact origin of the preferential crystallite chosen for the whisker growth, which can be of different crystallographic orientation [ 65 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extraordinary Nanocrystalline Pb Whisker Growth from Bi-Mg-Pb Pools in Aluminum Alloy 6026 Moderated through Oriented Attachment

et al. 2021

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The elucidation of spontaneous growth of metal whiskers from metal surfaces is still ongoing, with the mainstream research conducted on Sn whiskers. This work reports on the discovery of Pb whisker growth from Bi-Mg-Pb solid pools found in common machinable aluminum alloy. The whiskers and hillocks display unique morphologies and complex growth that have not been documented beforehand. In contrast to typical understanding of whisker growth, the presented Pb whiskers show a clear nanocrystalline induced growth mechanism, which is a novel concept. Furthermore, the investigated whiskers are also found to be completely composed of nanocrystals throughout their entire length. The performed research gives new insight into nucleation and growth of metal whiskers, which raises new theoretical questions and challenges current theories of spontaneous metal whisker growth. Additionally, this work provides the first microscopic confirmation of recrystallization growth theory of whiskers that relates to oriented attachment of nanocrystals formed within an amorphous metallic matrix. The impact of mechanical stress, generated through Bi oxidation within the pools, is theoretically discussed with relation to the observed whisker and hillock growth. The newly discovered nanocrystalline growth provides a new step towards understanding spontaneous metal whisker growth and possibility of developing nanostructures for potential usage in sensing and electronics applications.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraordinary Nanocrystalline Pb Whisker Growth from Bi-Mg-Pb Pools in Aluminum Alloy 6026 Moderated through Oriented Attachment

et al. 2021

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“…Whiskers tend to grow from the same material from minutes to months or even years [ 31 ], making a prediction of their growth through various models elusive. Furthermore, the varying incubation time for whiskers at different positions from the same samples have erupted many contradictions to established theories and proposals for additional theories that intend to explain stochastic growth [ 8 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ]. Nevertheless, most of the research has provided significant input regarding growth mechanisms but limited insight into the driving forces and energies that govern whisker formation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revealing the Pb Whisker Growth Mechanism from Al-Alloy Surface and Morphological Dependency on Material Stress and Growth Environment

et al. 2022

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Spontaneous metallic Pb whisker formation from Pb and Bi containing Al-alloy’s surfaces is a newly discovered phenomenon. The whiskers display unique formations, growth and morphology, which give the opportunity to be applied for specialized sensor and electronics applications. Within this work, the impact of environmental conditions (gas composition and moisture) is investigated and correlated with the modification of whisker evolution and growth dynamics. Furthermore, the residual stress state of the aluminum matrix using deep cryogenic treatment is modified and used to further increase whisker nucleation and growth by up to three- and seven-fold, respectively, supported by quantitative results. The results of this paper indicate the possibility to manipulate the whisker not only in terms of their kinetics but also their morphology (optimal conditions are 20% O2 and 35% humidity). Such features allow the tailoring of the whisker structure and surface to volume ratio, which can be optimized for different applications. Finally, this research provides new insight into the growth dynamics of the whiskers through in situ and ex situ measurements, providing further evidence of the complex nucleation and growth mechanisms that dictate the spontaneous growth of Pb whiskers from Al-alloy 6026 surfaces with growth velocities up to 1.15 µm/s.

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“…For the MAX powders synthesized via powder metallurgy, usually the case, it is di cult to be free of residual elemental A [17,18], and the elemental A has proven to have a relationship with the spontaneous growth of metallic whiskers [19,20]. The whiskering phenomenon may bring about reliability issues as MAX phases is nding their applications, and in particular when used in delicate electronics [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interface Energy-driven Indium Whisker Growth on Ceramic Substrates 

Liu

Zhang

et al. 2021

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The mechanism behind spontaneous growth of metal whiskers is essential to develop lead-free whisker mitigation strategy for the sake of long-term reliability of electronics, and has been sought for several decades. However, a consensus about it still lacks, and a host of factors influencing the phenomenon have been investigated, but the role of interface energy has not been paid adequate attention. In this study, the whisker growth propensities of ball-milled Ti2InC/In and non-MAX phase TiC/In and SiC/In are comparatively studied in the terms of the wettability, thermal behavior and crystal structures. The wetting angles of indium with Ti2InC, TiC, and SiC (144.4°, 155.7°, and 142.2°, respectively) are large and quite close, indicating the poor wettability between liquid indium and the three ceramics. The thermal behaviors of all the three systems have obvious changes after ball milling. The number density of indium whiskers on ball-milled Ti2InC are significantly greater than those on the TiC and SiC substrates, which is explained based on interface energy and the crystal structure difference of the ceramic substrates.

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Mechanisms behind the spontaneous growth of Tin whiskers on the Ti2SnC ceramics

Cited by 41 publications

References 24 publications

Extraordinary Nanocrystalline Pb Whisker Growth from Bi-Mg-Pb Pools in Aluminum Alloy 6026 Moderated through Oriented Attachment

Extraordinary Nanocrystalline Pb Whisker Growth from Bi-Mg-Pb Pools in Aluminum Alloy 6026 Moderated through Oriented Attachment

Revealing the Pb Whisker Growth Mechanism from Al-Alloy Surface and Morphological Dependency on Material Stress and Growth Environment

Interface Energy-driven Indium Whisker Growth on Ceramic Substrates

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Mechanisms behind the spontaneous growth of Tin whiskers on the Ti2SnC ceramics

Cited by 41 publications

References 24 publications

Extraordinary Nanocrystalline Pb Whisker Growth from Bi-Mg-Pb Pools in Aluminum Alloy 6026 Moderated through Oriented Attachment

Extraordinary Nanocrystalline Pb Whisker Growth from Bi-Mg-Pb Pools in Aluminum Alloy 6026 Moderated through Oriented Attachment

Revealing the Pb Whisker Growth Mechanism from Al-Alloy Surface and Morphological Dependency on Material Stress and Growth Environment

Interface Energy-driven Indium Whisker Growth on Ceramic Substrates&nbsp;

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Interface Energy-driven Indium Whisker Growth on Ceramic Substrates