Mechanisms by which microbial enzymes degrade four mycotoxins and application in animal production: A review

Sun, Huiying; He, Ziqi; Xiong, Dongwei; Long, Miao

doi:10.1016/j.aninu.2023.09.003

Cited by 18 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 178 publications

(201 reference statements)

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“…Other findings offer some recent references describing that enzymes can be applied to degrade the aflatoxins inside in food and feed. Multicopper oxidases from Streptomyces thermocarboxydus (Qin et al 2021), manganese peroxidase from Kluyveromyces lactis (Xia et al 2022), catalase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Sun et al 2023)…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro and molecular docking evaluation of target proteins of lipase and protease for the degradation of aflatoxins

Al-Rajhi,

Ganash,

Alshammari

et al. 2024

BioRes

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The consumption of food contaminated with aflatoxins causes severe harmful health effects, which can lead to death, in both humans and livestock. Therefore, the degradation of aflatoxins, particularly by biological methods, is considered a feasible technology for remediation of aflatoxin-contaminated products. In vitro, aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2 were degraded by 25 U/mL of lipase with reduction percentages of 57.5, 71.7, 80.1, and 83.8%. This reduction increased to 81.3, 82.8, 86.9, and 90.7% via 200 U/mL of lipase, respectively. Protease was less effective than lipase in the degradation of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2 with reduction levels of 35.8, 54.9, 66.5, and 70.2%, respectively, at 25 U/mL of protease. This investigation offers new concepts for the quick screening of aflatoxin-degrading enzymes and offers a theoretical basis for the degradation of aflatoxins. Interactions between aflatoxin B1 (considered as a ligand) and proteins that were taken as receptors (Structure of Lipase PDB ID: 1DT3 and Protease PDB ID: 2PRO) were elucidated. The molecular modeling results of utilized compound showed a notable binding score and best Root Mean Square (RMS) define value, indicating efficient binding mode and appropriate interactions with amino acids of selected proteins.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro and molecular docking evaluation of target proteins of lipase and protease for the degradation of aflatoxins

Al-Rajhi,

Ganash,

Alshammari

et al. 2024

BioRes

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“…Mycotoxins most frequently encountered are ochratoxin, aflatoxins, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, and fumonisin [ 2 , 3 ]. Their adverse effects are manifold and include reproductive toxicity, immunological toxicity, genetic toxicity, hepatorenal toxicity, and cardiac toxicity [ 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Aflatoxins (AFs) are highly toxic mycotoxins synthesized primarily by filamentous fungi such as Aspergillus flavus , Aspergillus nomius , and Aspergillus parasiticus [ 7 , 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Detoxification of Aflatoxin B1 by Enterococcus faecium HB2-2

Feng,

Cao,

et al. 2024

Foods

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Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination in food and feed is a global health and economic threat, necessitating the immediate development of effective strategies to mitigate its negative effects. This study focuses on the isolation and characterization of Enterococcus faecium HB2-2 (E. faecium HB2-2) as a potent AFB1-degrading microorganism, using morphological observation, biochemical profiling, and 16S rRNA sequence analysis. An incubation of E. faecium HB2-2 at 32 °C for 96 h in a pH 10 nutrient broth (NB) medium resulted in a remarkable degradation rate of 90.0% for AFB1. Furthermore, E. faecium HB2-2 demonstrated 82.9% AFB1 degradation rate in the peanut meal, reducing AFB1 levels from 105.1 to 17.9 μg/kg. The AFB1 degradation ability of E. faecium HB2-2 was found to be dependent on the fermentation supernatant. The products of AFB1 degradation by E. faecium HB2-2 were analyzed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and a possible degradation mechanism was proposed based on the identified degradation products. Additionally, cytotoxicity assays revealed a significant reduction in the toxicity of the degradation products compared to the parent AFB1. These findings highlight the potential of E. faecium HB2-2 as a safe and effective method for mitigating AFB1 contamination in food and feed.

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“…1 a). Therefore, breaking the double bond in the furan ring and/or the lactone ring in the coumarin structure could potentially diminish the AF toxicity ( 9 ). Nevertheless, AFs are remarkably stable, remaining largely intact even following exposure to high-temperature treatments during food processing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safe and effective degradation of aflatoxins by food-grade culture broth of Aspergillus oryzae

Choi,

Alshannaq,

2024

PNAS Nexus

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Aflatoxins (AFs) are carcinogenic fungal toxins contaminating up to 25% of the global food supply. Over half of the world’s population is exposed to unmonitored levels of AFs, mostly aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Despite numerous efforts over the past 60 years, there are no solutions to remove AFs safely from food. Here, we present a safe and effective AF-degrading product called “D-Tox”, a filtered culture broth of Aspergillus oryzae grown in a food-grade liquid medium. When 5 ppm of AFB1 is added to D-Tox, ∼90% is degraded at 48 hr and 24 hr at room temperature and 50°C, respectively. Moreover, when varying amounts (0.1 ppm ∼ 100 ppm) of AFB1 are added to D-Tox at 100°C, over 95% of AFB1 is degraded in 1 hr, suggesting a non-enzymatic process. Examining degradation of 100 ppm AFB1 reveals that aflatoxin D1 (AFD1) is the major transient degradant of AFB1, indicating that degradation occurs irreversibly by lactone ring hydrolysis followed by decarboxylation. D-Tox further degrades AFD1 to unknown fragmented products. Importantly, the practical application of D-Tox is also demonstrated, as more than 70% of AFB1 is degraded when wheat, corn, and peanuts naturally contaminated with high levels of AFB1 (0.3 ∼ 4.5 ppm) are boiled in D-Tox for 1 hr. Additionally, D-Tox can degrade other lactone-ring-containing mycotoxins, including patulin and ochratoxin. D-Tox exhibits no cytotoxicity under the conditions tested in MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. In summary, D-Tox is a safe and effective AF-detoxifying novel product that can enhance global food safety.

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Mechanisms by which microbial enzymes degrade four mycotoxins and application in animal production: A review

Cited by 18 publications

References 178 publications

In vitro and molecular docking evaluation of target proteins of lipase and protease for the degradation of aflatoxins

In vitro and molecular docking evaluation of target proteins of lipase and protease for the degradation of aflatoxins

Biological Detoxification of Aflatoxin B1 by Enterococcus faecium HB2-2

Safe and effective degradation of aflatoxins by food-grade culture broth of Aspergillus oryzae

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