Mechanisms

Casale, Antonio

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-162801-7.50009-4

Polymer Stress Reactions 1978

DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-162801-7.50009-4

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Mechanisms

Antonio Casale

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Cited by 3 publications

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“…Casale suggests that Ottoman commercial interests in Gujarat played a role in Selīm's desire to conquer Egypt and control its spice trade. 136 The Gujarati port most often mentioned in the sources in connection with transhipping Malabari pepper was Diu, known to the Portuguese as 'the port of the Turks'. 137 In a missive from 1523, the Portuguese king was told that Diu must be conquered because it had become the greatest centre of the 'illegal' trade in pepper.…”

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‘Measuring by the bushel’: reweighing the Indian Ocean pepper trade

Prange

2011

Historical Research

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Of all the oriental spices, black pepper was the most important until the eighteenth century. The historiography of the pepper trade is characterized by a strong focus on Europe in terms of both its economic significance in the ancient and medieval periods and the struggle for its control in the early modern period. This article, by contrast, seeks to situate the pepper trade firmly in its Asian contexts. It examines the Indian Ocean pepper trade from three perspectives. First, it places the trade in its supply-side context by focusing on the Malabar coast as the primary source of pepper. Second, it examines the relative importance of the different branches of Malabar's pepper trade and highlights the central role played by Muslim mercantile networks. Third, it considers the reconfiguration of these pepper networks in the sixteenth century in the face of aggressive competition from the Portuguese. In their sum, these arguments advocate the need for rethought balances of trade and a reweighted scholarly focus on the pepper trade in its global dimensions.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

‘Measuring by the bushel’: reweighing the Indian Ocean pepper trade

Prange

2011

Historical Research

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Thermal decomposition behavior of nano/micro bimodal feedstock with different solids loading

Lee

Park

2018

Met. Mater. Int.

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Force-induced activation of covalent bonds in mechanoresponsive polymeric materials

Davis¹,

Hamilton²,

Yang

et al. 2009

Nature

1,561

1,488

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Mechanochemical transduction enables an extraordinary range of physiological processes such as the sense of touch, hearing, balance, muscle contraction, and the growth and remodelling of tissue and bone. Although biology is replete with materials systems that actively and functionally respond to mechanical stimuli, the default mechanochemical reaction of bulk polymers to large external stress is the unselective scission of covalent bonds, resulting in damage or failure. An alternative to this degradation process is the rational molecular design of synthetic materials such that mechanical stress favourably alters material properties. A few mechanosensitive polymers with this property have been developed; but their active response is mediated through non-covalent processes, which may limit the extent to which properties can be modified and the long-term stability in structural materials. Previously, we have shown with dissolved polymer strands incorporating mechanically sensitive chemical groups-so-called mechanophores-that the directional nature of mechanical forces can selectively break and re-form covalent bonds. We now demonstrate that such force-induced covalent-bond activation can also be realized with mechanophore-linked elastomeric and glassy polymers, by using a mechanophore that changes colour as it undergoes a reversible electrocyclic ring-opening reaction under tensile stress and thus allows us to directly and locally visualize the mechanochemical reaction. We find that pronounced changes in colour and fluorescence emerge with the accumulation of plastic deformation, indicating that in these polymeric materials the transduction of mechanical force into the ring-opening reaction is an activated process. We anticipate that force activation of covalent bonds can serve as a general strategy for the development of new mechanophore building blocks that impart polymeric materials with desirable functionalities ranging from damage sensing to fully regenerative self-healing.

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Mechanisms

Cited by 3 publications

References 160 publications

‘Measuring by the bushel’: reweighing the Indian Ocean pepper trade

‘Measuring by the bushel’: reweighing the Indian Ocean pepper trade

Thermal decomposition behavior of nano/micro bimodal feedstock with different solids loading

Force-induced activation of covalent bonds in mechanoresponsive polymeric materials

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