Mechanisms for Improving Hepatic Glucolipid Metabolism by Cinnamic Acid and Cinnamic Aldehyde: An Insight Provided by Multi-Omics

Abstract

Cinnamic acid (AC) and cinnamic aldehyde (AL) are two chemicals enriched in cinnamon and have been previously proved to improve glucolipid metabolism, thus ameliorating metabolic disorders. In this study, we employed transcriptomes and proteomes on AC and AL treated db/db mice in order to explore the underlying mechanisms for their effects. Db/db mice were divided into three groups: the control group, AC group and AL group. Gender- and age-matched wt/wt mice were used as a normal group. After 4 weeks of treatments, mice were sacrificed, and liver tissues were used for further analyses. Functional enrichment of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were performed using Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases. DEPs were further verified by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM). The results suggested that AC and AL share similar mechanisms, and they may improve glucolipid metabolism by improving mitochondrial functions, decreasing serotonin contents and upregulating autophagy mediated lipid clearance. This study provides an insight into the molecular mechanisms of AC and AL on hepatic transcriptomes and proteomes in disrupted metabolic situations and lays a foundation for future experiments.

Proteomics Analysis of Serum Reveals Potential Biomarkers for Heart Failure Patients with Phlegm-Blood Stasis Syndrome

“…37 candidate proteins were selected for the PRM assay based on the fold change, Venn analysis, and GO/KEGG enrichment in the previous discovery DIA experiments. The expressions of these candidate proteins were validated by the PRM assay, as described previously . Briefly, protein was extracted from serum samples, and the desalted peptides were loaded on an RSLC, 75 μm × 15 cm, nanoViper, C18, 3 μm, 100 Ȧ column (Acclaim, PepMap) with a flow rate of 300 nL/min.…”

“…The expressions of these candidate proteins were validated by the PRM assay, as described previously. 11 Briefly, protein was extracted from serum samples, and the desalted peptides were loaded on an RSLC, 75 μm × 15 cm, nanoViper, C18, 3 μm, 100 A ̇column (Acclaim, PepMap) with a flow rate of 300 nL/min. A 90 min gradient was performed as follows: 0−82 min, 5−44% B, 82− 84 min, 44−90% B, 84−90 min, 90−100% B (buffer A: HPLC H2O, 0.1% formic acid; buffer B: 80% ACN, 0.1% formic acid).…”

Simple phenylpropanoids: recent advances in biological activities, biosynthetic pathways, and microbial production

“…54 The mechanisms of t -CA and cinnamic aldehyde on ameliorating glucolipid metabolism are similar in mouse experiments and can improve mitochondrial function, reduce serotonin content and upregulate autophagy-mediated lipid clearance. 55 Caffeic acid phenethyl ester, which is isolated from propolis, is the most studied CaA derivative. It has vasorelaxant, antihypertensive, anti-atherosclerotic and anti-angiogenic activities and is the most promising compound for clinical application.…”

Regulation Mechanism and Potential Value of Active Substances in Spices in Alcohol–Liver–Intestine Axis Health

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