Mechanisms Involved in Childhood Obesity-Related Bone Fragility

Faienza, Maria Felicia; Damato, G.; Chiarito, Mariangela; Colaianni, Graziana; Colucci, Silvia; Grano, Maria; Corbo, Filomena; Brunetti, Giacomina

doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00269

Cited by 51 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 197 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In obese children, Dimitri et al found a negative association between leptin and BMC (63) and between its unbound form and OPG (64,65). Leptin concentrations were inversely related to radial cortical porosity, radial cortical pore diameters, and tibial trabecular thickness (66).…”

Section: Excess Bmat and Inflammatory Cytokinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Bones of Children With Obesity

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Excess adiposity in childhood may affect bone development, ultimately leading to bone frailty. Previous reports showing an increased rate of extremity fractures in children with obesity support this fear. On the other hand, there is also evidence suggesting that bone mineral content is higher in obese children than in normal weight peers. Both adipocytes and osteoblasts derive from multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and obesity drives the differentiation of MSCs toward adipocytes at the expense of osteoblast differentiation. Furthermore, adipocytes in bone marrow microenvironment release a number of pro-inflammatory and immunomodulatory molecules that up-regulate formation and activation of osteoclasts, thus favoring bone frailty. On the other hand, body adiposity represents a mechanical load, which is beneficial for bone accrual. In this frame, bone quality, and structure result from the balance of inflammatory and mechanical stimuli. Diet, physical activity and the hormonal milieu at puberty play a pivotal role on this balance. In this review, we will address the question whether the bone of obese children and adolescents is unhealthy in comparison with normal-weight peers and discuss mechanisms underlying the differences in bone quality and structure. We anticipate that many biases and confounders affect the clinical studies conducted so far and preclude us from achieving robust conclusions. Sample-size, lack of adequate controls, heterogeneity of study designs are the major drawbacks of the existing reports. Due to the increased body size of children with obesity, dual energy absorptiometry might overestimate bone mineral density in these individuals. Magnetic resonance imaging, peripheral quantitative CT (pQCT) scanning and high-resolution pQCT are promising techniques for the accurate estimate of bone mineral content in obese children. Moreover, no longitudinal study on the risk of incident osteoporosis in early adulthood of children and adolescents with obesity is available. Finally, we will address emerging dietary issues (i.e., the likely benefits for the bone health of polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyphenols) since an healthy diet (i.e., the Mediterranean diet) with balanced intake of certain nutrients associated with physical activity remain the cornerstones for achieving an adequate bone accrual in young individuals regardless of their adiposity degree.

show abstract

Section: Excess Bmat and Inflammatory Cytokinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Bones of Children With Obesity

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Indeed, compared to mature-leaf crops, they contain a higher amount of bioactive compounds, antioxidants, minerals, and phytonutrients [ 14 ]. Their consumption has been associated with a reduced risk of cancer, respiratory problems, osteoporosis, and muscle atrophy, which are frequent diseases associated with obesity and malnutrition [ 15 , 16 , 17 ]. Among these, Vigna radiata L. (mung bean) presents a high nutritional value of its sprouts, whose consumption has been related to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and antitumor effects [ 18 , 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light and Low Relative Humidity Increase Antioxidants Content in Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.) Sprouts

Amitrano

Arena

Pascale

et al. 2020

Plants

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In the last decades, there has been a growing interest in the production of sprouts, since they are a highly nutritious food, particularly suitable for indoor farming in urban areas. Achieving sprout production in indoor systems requires an understanding of possible alterations induced by the microclimate. The aim of this study was to analyze the combined effect of presence/absence of light and high/low air relative humidity (RH) on mung bean sprouts. Morpho-anatomical development and functional anatomical traits in hypocotyl were quantified. The content of antioxidants, soluble sugars, and starch were measured for nutritional and functional purposes. Different RH regimes mainly induced morpho-anatomical modifications, while the presence/absence of light changed the content of antioxidant compounds. Increments in stele diameter at high RH suggest a higher water uptake and conductivity, compared to the low RH treatment; low RH and light induced anatomical traits improving plant water transport (reduced number of cortical layers) and increased the production of antioxidants. The overall results suggested that RH and light, already at the early stages of development, affect the plant’s nutritional value. Therefore, the combination of light and low RH allows the production of antioxidant-rich mung bean sprouts to be used as a food supplement.

show abstract

“…Complementarily, low grade inflammation related to obesity promotes adipogenesis in the detriment of osteoblastogenesis and calcium absorption, increasing the risk of fractures and osteoporosis. [42][43][44] In a study presented by Ambroszkiewicz et al 45 higher CTX-I levels indicated a defective bone formation in thin children, compared to normal-weight peers. Moreover, the ratio of the carboxylated OC/undercarboxylated OC, as well as the BMD were significantly lower in thin children when compared to the normal-weight group.…”

Section: Predictive Roles Of Btms In Osteoporosis-related Pathologiesmentioning

confidence: 96%

<p>Soluble Biomarkers of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis, from Pathway Mapping to Clinical Trials: An Update</p>

Nagy

Nagy-Finna

Popoviciu

et al. 2020

CIA

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Serum biomarkers of osteoarticular diseases have been in the limelight of current clinical research trends. Laboratory validation of defined and candidate biomarkers for both osteoarthritis and osteoporosis is of key importance for future decisional algorithms in the diagnosis, monitoring, and prognosis of these diseases. The current guidelines recommend the use of collagen degradation remnants, eg, CTX-I and CTX-II, in the complementary diagnosis of both osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. Besides the collagen degradation markers, enzymes that regulate bone and articular metabolism are useful in the clinical evaluation of osteoarticular pathologies. Along these, several other recommended and new nominee molecules have been recently studied. Wnts and Wnt-related molecules have a cardinal role in the bone-joint homeostasis, making them a promising target not only for pharmaceutical modulation, but also to be considered as soluble biomarkers. Sclerostin and dickkopf, two inhibitor molecules of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling, might have a dual role in the assessment of the clinical manifestations of the osteoarticular unit. In osteoarthritis, besides fragments of collagen type II many pathway-related molecules have been studied and proposed for biomarker validation. The most serious limitation is that a significant proportion of studies lack statistical power due to the reduced number of cases enrolled. Serum biomarkers of bone and joint turnover markers represent an encouraging possibility for the diagnosis and prognosis of osteoarticular diseases, although further studies and laboratory validations should be carried out as to solely rely on them.

show abstract

Mechanisms Involved in Childhood Obesity-Related Bone Fragility

Cited by 51 publications

References 197 publications

The Bones of Children With Obesity

The Bones of Children With Obesity

Light and Low Relative Humidity Increase Antioxidants Content in Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.) Sprouts

<p>Soluble Biomarkers of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis, from Pathway Mapping to Clinical Trials: An Update</p>

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About