“…For example, our previous studies used a hot water tail immersion test as an acute thermal pain model and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammation pain as a chronic pain model (Li, Shah, Patel, Rice, & France, 2013;Siemian, Jia, Liu, Zhang, & Li, 2018). Certain drug targets may participate in acute and chronic pain differently due to their mechanistic differences (Pogatzki-Zahn, Segelcke, & Zahn, 2018). Given the essential role of opioids in pain management, it is important to examine whether TA 1 receptor antagonists would change the analgesic effects of opioids.…”