Mechanisms of air‐sea CO<sub>2</sub> flux variability in the equatorial Pacific and the North Atlantic

McKinley, Galen A.; Follows, Michael J.; Marshall, John

doi:10.1029/2003gb002179

Cited by 159 publications

(269 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…This upwelling effect more than overrides the counteracting effect of the changes in SST and biological export, both of which would tend to increase the CO 2 outgassing during El Niño events, the former because of the higher than normal SSTs and the latter because of reduced nutrient supply. McKinley et al [2004] also find that wind speed variability and change in the longitudinal displacement of the western warm pool contributes to the flux IAV.…”

Section: Equatorial Pacificmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Temporal variability of surface DIC concentrations compares well to time series observations in the subtropical North Atlantic and North Pacific [Karl and Lukas, 1996]. The determination of air-sea CO 2 exchange and other details are described by McKinley et al [2003McKinley et al [ , 2004. Air-sea CO 2 flux results shown here for 1980 -1998 are detrended to remove the effects of background drift in the model.…”

Section: B22 Mit Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[5] ''Bottom-up'' studies used process-based biogeochemical models in climate models [Jones et al, 2001] or forced by climate fields to quantify regional IAV of carbon fluxes over land [Kindermann et al, 1996;Tian et al, 1998;Knorr, 2000;Gerard et al, 1999;Botta et al, 2002] and over the ocean [Le Quéré et al, 2003b;McKinley et al, 2004;Winguth et al, 1994]. Although those studies all agree in suggesting that the land IAV is larger than the ocean IAV, they may not attribute the IAV phenomenon to the same processes, and different models exhibit large discrepancies in the IAV regional signal [McGuire et al, 2001].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These relationships are found to hold in the North Atlantic for the MIT model, but not in OPA. In the North Pacific, SST and DIC variations compete in driving the interannual variability of pCO 2 in both models [Le Quéré et al, 2003b;McKinley et al, 2004].…”

Section: North Atlantic and North Pacificmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multiple constraints on regional CO₂ flux variations over land and oceans

Peylin

Bousquet

Quéré

et al. 2005

Global Biogeochemical Cycles

172

177

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[1] To increase our understanding of the carbon cycle, we compare regional estimates of CO 2 flux variability for 1980-1998 from atmospheric CO 2 inversions and from process-based models of the land (SLAVE and LPJ) and ocean (OPA and MIT). Over the land, the phase and amplitude of the different estimates agree well, especially at continental scale. Flux variations are predominantly controlled by El Niño events, with the exception of the post-Pinatubo period of the early 1990s. Differences between the two land models result mainly from the response of heterotrophic respiration to precipitation and temperature. The ''Lloyd and Taylor'' formulation of LPJ [Lloyd and Taylor, 1994] agrees better with the inverse estimates. Over the ocean, inversion and model results agree only in the equatorial Pacific and partly in the austral ocean. In the austral ocean, an increased CO 2 sink is present in the inversion and OPA model, and results from increased stratification of the ocean. In the northern oceans, the inversions estimate large flux variations in line with time-series observations of the subtropical Atlantic, but not supported by the two model estimates, thus suggesting that the CO 2 variability from high-latitude oceans needs further investigation.

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Section: Equatorial Pacificmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: B22 Mit Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: North Atlantic and North Pacificmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Multiple constraints on regional CO₂ flux variations over land and oceans

Peylin

Bousquet

Quéré

et al. 2005

Global Biogeochemical Cycles

172

177

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“…Recent studies have suggested that the basinwide CO 2 sink in the North Atlantic has decreased over the last decade (Schuster and Watson, 2007;Watson et al, 2009). However, ocean observations conducted over longer timescales indicate that surface ocean pCO 2 (partial pressure of CO 2 ) has increased at the same rate as the atmosphere, with the implication that the North Atlantic Ocean CO 2 sink has not changed significantly over multi-decadal timescales (McKinley et al, 2004;Thomas et al, 2008;McKinley et al, 2011;. Complicating any assessment of change in the CO 2 sink-source strength of the North Atlantic Ocean is a recognition that natural interannual variability imparted by modes of climate variability -such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO; Hurrell and Deser, 2009), Atlantic Multidecadal Variability (AMV;McKinley et al, 2004;Ullman et al, 2009;Metzl et al, 2010;McKinley et al, 2011) and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) -play important roles in controlling air-sea CO 2 fluxes in the subtropical and subpolar gyres of the basin Bates et al, 2002;Thomas et al, 2008;Gruber, 2009;Levine et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-decadal uptake of carbon dioxide into subtropical mode water of the North Atlantic Ocean

Bates

2012

Biogeosciences

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Abstract. Natural climate variability impacts the multidecadal uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (C ant ) into the North Atlantic Ocean subpolar and subtropical gyres. Previous studies have shown that there is significant uptake of CO 2 into subtropical mode water (STMW) of the North Atlantic. STMW forms south of the Gulf Stream in winter and constitutes the dominant upper-ocean water mass in the subtropical gyre of the North Atlantic Ocean. Observations at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site near Bermuda show an increase in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) of +1.51 ± 0.08 µmol kg −1 yr −1 between 1988 and 2011, but also an increase in ocean acidification indicators such as pH at rates (−0.0022 ± 0.0002 yr −1 ) higher than the surface ocean . It is estimated that the sink of CO 2 into STMW was 0.985 ± 0.018 Pg C (Pg = 10 15 g C) between 1988 and 2011 (70 ± 1.8 % of which is due to uptake of C ant ). The sink of CO 2 into the STMW is 20 % of the CO 2 uptake in the North Atlantic Ocean between 14 • -50 • N (Takahashi et al., 2009). However, the STMW sink of CO 2 was strongly coupled to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), with large uptake of CO 2 into STMW during the 1990s during a predominantly NAO positive phase. In contrast, uptake of CO 2 into STMW was much reduced in the 2000s during the NAO neutral/negative phase. Thus, NAO induced variability of the STMW CO 2 sink is important when evaluating multi-decadal changes in North Atlantic Ocean CO 2 sinks.

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Changes in the Arctic Ocean CO₂ sink (1996–2007): A regional model analysis

Manizza

Follows

Dutkiewicz

et al. 2013

Global Biogeochemical Cycles

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[1] The rapid recent decline of Arctic Ocean sea ice area increases the flux of solar radiation available for primary production and the area of open water for air-sea gas exchange. We use a regional physical-biogeochemical model of the Arctic Ocean, forced by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research atmospheric reanalysis, to evaluate the mean present-day CO 2 sink and its temporal evolution. During the 1996-2007 period, the model suggests that the Arctic average sea surface temperature warmed by 0.04 ı C a -1 , that sea ice area decreased by 0.1 10 6 km 2 a -1 , and that the biological drawdown of dissolved inorganic carbon increased. The simulated 1996-2007 time-mean Arctic Ocean CO 2 sink is 58˙6 Tg C a -1 . The increase in ice-free ocean area and consequent carbon drawdown during this period enhances the CO 2 sink by 1.4 Tg C a -1 , consistent with estimates based on extrapolations of sparse data. A regional analysis suggests that during the 1996-2007 period, the shelf regions of the Laptev, East Siberian, Chukchi, and Beaufort Seas experienced an increase in the efficiency of their biological pump due to decreased sea ice area, especially during the 2004-2007 period, consistent with independently published estimates of primary production. In contrast, the CO 2 sink in the Barents Sea is reduced during the 2004-2007 period due to a dominant control by warming and decreasing solubility. Thus, the effect of decreasing sea ice area and increasing sea surface temperature partially cancel, though the former is dominant.

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Mechanisms of air‐sea CO₂ flux variability in the equatorial Pacific and the North Atlantic

Cited by 159 publications

References 58 publications

Multiple constraints on regional CO₂ flux variations over land and oceans

Multiple constraints on regional CO₂ flux variations over land and oceans

Multi-decadal uptake of carbon dioxide into subtropical mode water of the North Atlantic Ocean

Changes in the Arctic Ocean CO₂ sink (1996–2007): A regional model analysis

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Mechanisms of air‐sea CO2 flux variability in the equatorial Pacific and the North Atlantic

Cited by 159 publications

References 58 publications

Multiple constraints on regional CO2 flux variations over land and oceans

Multiple constraints on regional CO2 flux variations over land and oceans

Multi-decadal uptake of carbon dioxide into subtropical mode water of the North Atlantic Ocean

Changes in the Arctic Ocean CO2 sink (1996–2007): A regional model analysis

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Mechanisms of air‐sea CO₂ flux variability in the equatorial Pacific and the North Atlantic

Multiple constraints on regional CO₂ flux variations over land and oceans

Multiple constraints on regional CO₂ flux variations over land and oceans

Changes in the Arctic Ocean CO₂ sink (1996–2007): A regional model analysis