Mechanisms of Bacterial Resistance to Microbicides

Maillard, Jean‐Yves

doi:10.1002/9781118425831.ch6a

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 201 publications

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“…The most important group of microbiocides is quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) because of their wide spectrum of biocidal activity, the safety of applications and low costs. Quaternary ammonium salts belong to lytic membrane-active microbiocides [133][134][135]. Mechanism of their biocidal activity begins with adsorption of quaternary ammonium cation on negatively charged cell surface.…”

Section: Biological Activity 61 Antimicrobial Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Multifunctional Gemini Surfactants: Structure, Synthesis, Properties and Applications

Brycki¹,

Kowalczyk²,

Szulc³

et al. 2017

Application and Characterization of Surfactants

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Gemini cationic surfactants are compounds which are composed of two hydrophilic head groups and two hydrophobic tails linked by a spacer at the head groups or closed to them. The spacer can be either hydrophobic or hydrophilic. It can be rigid or flexible. The neutral charge of the molecule is retained by the presence of organic or inorganic counterions. Critical micelle concentrations (CMCs), surface tension (γ) and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) are dozen times lower than corresponding parameters of monomeric surfactants. The unique properties of gemini surfactants with a wide range of hydrophiliclipophilic balance (HLB) make them a very useful, innovative material in detergents, cosmetics, personal care products, additives for paints and coatings, biocides, material science, organic synthesis, pharmacy, textiles, enhanced oil recovery, nanotechnology, petroleum and many other branches of life. A large number of papers concerning gemini surfactants have been published so far. This review presents a synthetic look at current work devoted to structure, synthesis and applications of gemini surfactants.

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Section: Biological Activity 61 Antimicrobial Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Multifunctional Gemini Surfactants: Structure, Synthesis, Properties and Applications

Brycki¹,

Kowalczyk²,

Szulc³

et al. 2017

Application and Characterization of Surfactants

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show abstract

“…The resistance mechanism in this case appears to be linked to the lack of availability of surface protein and cell wall rearrangement. There are marked differences in mechanisms of action between aldehyde and oxidizing agents, but overall structural difference may provide greater resistance to biocides in general as shown in the comparison of Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria (Maillard , ). To resolve the resistance mechanisms expressed in the chlorine dioxide resistant isolate, further work on the surface structure, including protein composition as well as intracellular interactions (such as oxidizer‐DNA interaction) are needed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…expression of efflux pumps and detoxification enzymes) (Maillard ) and, in a few examples, changes in metabolic pathways (Webber et al . ) and DNA repair mechanisms (Maillard ). Other physical factors can include the production of EPS and cell aggregation, which can contribute to decreased available biocide concentration and cell protection respectively, and are of significant importance in bacterial biofilm resistance (Maillard and Denyer ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacillus subtilis vegetative isolate surviving chlorine dioxide exposure: an elusive mechanism of resistance

et al. 2015

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Aims Oxidizing agents such as chlorine dioxide are widely used microbicides, including for disinfection of medical equipment. We isolated a Bacillus subtilis isolate from a washer‐disinfector whose vegetative form demonstrated unique resistance to chlorine dioxide (0·03%) and hydrogen peroxide (7·5%). The aim of this study was to understand the mechanisms of resistance expressed by this isolate. Methods and Results A range of resistance mechanisms were investigated in the B. subtilis isolate and a reference B. subtilis strain (ATCC 6051) to include bacterial cell aggregation, the presence of profuse exopolysaccharide (EPS), and the expression of detoxification enzymes. The basis of resistance of the isolate to high concentrations of oxidizing agents was not linked to the presence of endospores. Although, the presence of EPS, aggregation and expression of detoxification enzymes may play a role in bacterial survival to low concentrations of chlorine dioxide, it is unlikely that the mechanisms helped tested to survive the bactericidal effect of higher oxidizer concentrations. Conclusions Overall, the mechanisms conferring resistance to chlorine dioxide and hydrogen peroxide remains elusive. Based on recent advances in the mode of action of oxidizing agents and notably hydrogen peroxide, we postulate that additional efficient intracellular mechanisms may be involved to explain significant resistance to in‐use concentrations of commonly used high‐level disinfectants. Significance and Impact of Study The isolation of a highly resistant vegetative Gram‐positive bacterium to a highly reactive oxidizing agent is worrying. Understanding the mechanisms conferring such resistance is essential to effectively control such bacterial isolates. Here, we postulate that there are still mechanisms of bacterial resistance that have not been fully characterized.

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“…In addition, contamination rate, target type, temperature, environmental conditions, and contact time are other factors affecting microbial resistance. Preservative resistance may be considered as the inactivation of the preservative agent, the reduction in preservative efficacy, or a tolerance of microorganisms [ 215 ]. Generally, bacterial endospores (including Bacillus and Clostridium ) are the most resistant forms.…”

Section: Synthetic Chemical Preservativesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cosmetics Preservation: A Review on Present Strategies

et al. 2018

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Cosmetics, like any product containing water and organic/inorganic compounds, require preservation against microbial contamination to guarantee consumer’s safety and to increase their shelf-life. The microbiological safety has as main goal of consumer protection against potentially pathogenic microorganisms, together with the product’s preservation resulting from biological and physicochemical deterioration. This is ensured by chemical, physical, or physicochemical strategies. The most common strategy is based on the application of antimicrobial agents, either by using synthetic or natural compounds, or even multifunctional ingredients. Current validation of a preservation system follow the application of good manufacturing practices (GMPs), the control of the raw material, and the verification of the preservative effect by suitable methodologies, including the challenge test. Among the preservatives described in the positive lists of regulations, there are parabens, isothiasolinone, organic acids, formaldehyde releasers, triclosan, and chlorhexidine. These chemical agents have different mechanisms of antimicrobial action, depending on their chemical structure and functional group’s reactivity. Preservatives act on several cell targets; however, they might present toxic effects to the consumer. Indeed, their use at high concentrations is more effective from the preservation viewpoint being, however, toxic for the consumer, whereas at low concentrations microbial resistance can develop.

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Mechanisms of Bacterial Resistance to Microbicides

Cited by 9 publications

References 201 publications

Multifunctional Gemini Surfactants: Structure, Synthesis, Properties and Applications

Multifunctional Gemini Surfactants: Structure, Synthesis, Properties and Applications

Bacillus subtilis vegetative isolate surviving chlorine dioxide exposure: an elusive mechanism of resistance

Cosmetics Preservation: A Review on Present Strategies

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