Mechanisms of biofilm formation in paper machine by Bacillus species: the role of Deinococcus geothermalis

Kolari, Marko; Nuutinen, Jaro T.; Salkinoja‐Salonen, Mirja

doi:10.1038/sj.jim.7000201

Cited by 69 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…D. geothermalis E50051 has been shown to produce similar biofilms on stainless steel and polystyrene surfaces (16). Therefore, it was convenient to grow the biofilms in 96-well tissue culture-treated polystyrene plates (Nunclon 167008; Nalge Nunc International, Roskilde, Denmark).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Not all bacteria form biofilms; some machines run with 10 5 to 10 8 CFU of free-swimming bacteria ml of circulating water Ϫ1 with no process disturbances. We recently showed Deinococcus geothermalis to be an efficient primary biofilm former in paper machine water (30), functioning as an adhesion platform for secondary biofilm bacteria, e.g., Bacillus species (16). D. geothermalis forms thick biofilms on various abiotic surfaces, such as stainless steel and polystyrenes (16), glass, and polyethene, but the mechanism of attachment is not known.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Paper mills use biocides to control microbial growth, but this has not eliminated biofilms, which may detach from surfaces, impairing operation of the machines or causing defects such as holes and colored spots in the paper products (4,16,29,30). Not all bacteria form biofilms; some machines run with 10 5 to 10 8 CFU of free-swimming bacteria ml of circulating water Ϫ1 with no process disturbances.…”

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Firm but Slippery Attachment of Deinococcus geothermalis

Kolari¹,

Schmidt²,

Kuismanen

et al. 2002

J Bacteriol

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Bacterial biofilms impair the operation of many industrial processes. Deinococcus geothermalis is efficient primary biofilm former in paper machine water, functioning as an adhesion platform for secondary biofilm bacteria. It produces thick biofilms on various abiotic surfaces, but the mechanism of attachment is not known. High-resolution field-emission scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed peritrichous adhesion threads mediating the attachment of D. geothermalis E50051 to stainless steel and glass surfaces and cell-to-cell attachment, irrespective of the growth medium. Extensive slime matrix was absent from the D. geothermalis E50051 biofilms. AFM of the attached cells revealed regions on the cell surface with different topography, viscoelasticity, and adhesiveness, possibly representing different surface layers that were patchily exposed. We used oscillating probe techniques to keep the tip-biofilm interactions as small as possible. T also formed tenacious biofilms. This paper shows that D. geothermalis has firm but laterally slippery attachment not reported before for a nonmotile species.Bacteria growing as biofilms are more resistant to many antimicrobial agents than free-swimming bacteria, a characteristic of the biofilms resulting in, e.g., persistent infections of the human body and troublesome biofilms in water distribution systems and in industrial processes (7,17,20,32). Paper mills use biocides to control microbial growth, but this has not eliminated biofilms, which may detach from surfaces, impairing operation of the machines or causing defects such as holes and colored spots in the paper products (4,16,29,30). Not all bacteria form biofilms; some machines run with 10 5 to 10 8 CFU of free-swimming bacteria ml of circulating water Ϫ1 with no process disturbances. We recently showed Deinococcus geothermalis to be an efficient primary biofilm former in paper machine water (30), functioning as an adhesion platform for secondary biofilm bacteria, e.g., Bacillus species (16). D. geothermalis forms thick biofilms on various abiotic surfaces, such as stainless steel and polystyrenes (16), glass, and polyethene, but the mechanism of attachment is not known.D. geothermalis possesses no flagella or pili for attachment (11) and does not produce large amounts of slime. Bacteria of the genus Deinococcus, including the well-studied D. radiodurans, are known to be highly resistant towards radiation and desiccation (18). According to Makarova et al. (18), it is likely that the extreme radiation resistance evolved in response to chronic exposure to nonradioactive forms of DNA damage, readily inflicted by, e.g., nonstatic environments such as cycles of desiccation and hydration. Such conditions often prevail in biofilms near the air-water interface. Orthologs of almost all known genes involved in different stress responses in other bacteria are present in D. radiodurans (18). All of these properties can contribute to the potential of D. geothermalis for biofouling. We investigated the s...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Firm but Slippery Attachment of Deinococcus geothermalis

Kolari¹,

Schmidt²,

Kuismanen

et al. 2002

J Bacteriol

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“…A further confirmation for the presence of glycoconjugates on the cell surface was obtained by confocal laser scanning imaging of living D. geothermalis cells stained with Amaranthus caudatus lectin, which specifically binds to galactose residues. The results indicate that the thread-like appendages of D. geothermalis E50051 are glycosylated type IV pili, bacterial attachment organelles which have thus far not been described for the genus Deinococcus.Deinococcus geothermalis is an important primary biofilm former found in paper machine water (17,35). It forms tenuous biofilms on abiotic surfaces and is difficult or impossible to remove from the surfaces using industrial washing procedures (18).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Deinococcus geothermalis is an important primary biofilm former found in paper machine water (17,35). It forms tenuous biofilms on abiotic surfaces and is difficult or impossible to remove from the surfaces using industrial washing procedures (18).…”

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Characterization of Adhesion Threads of Deinococcus geothermalis as Type IV Pili

et al. 2006

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Deinococcus geothermalis E50051 forms tenuous biofilms on paper machine surfaces. Field emission electron microscopy analysis revealed peritrichous appendages which mediated cell-to-surface and cell-to-cell interactions but were absent in planktonically grown cells. The major protein component of the extracellular extract of D. geothermalis had an N-terminal sequence similar to the fimbrial protein pilin annotated in the D. geothermalis DSM 11300 draft sequence. It also showed similarity to the type IV pilin sequence of D. radiodurans and several gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. Other proteins in the extract had N-terminal sequences identical to D. geothermalis proteins with conservative motifs for serine proteases, metallophosphoesterases, and proteins whose function is unknown. Periodic acid-Schiff staining for carbohydrates indicated that these extracellular proteins may be glycosylated. A further confirmation for the presence of glycoconjugates on the cell surface was obtained by confocal laser scanning imaging of living D. geothermalis cells stained with Amaranthus caudatus lectin, which specifically binds to galactose residues. The results indicate that the thread-like appendages of D. geothermalis E50051 are glycosylated type IV pili, bacterial attachment organelles which have thus far not been described for the genus Deinococcus.Deinococcus geothermalis is an important primary biofilm former found in paper machine water (17,35). It forms tenuous biofilms on abiotic surfaces and is difficult or impossible to remove from the surfaces using industrial washing procedures (18). The attachment of D. geothermalis involves thread-like structures that connect the cells to the abiotic surface while allowing sliding movement, to escape mechanical stress (18).Capsules and slimes are involved in the adhesion of bacteria onto living and nonliving substrates (6, 15). However, adhesion of D. geothermalis seems to occur in the absence of either of these (18,29). Another attachment mode by means of pili has been described for several gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, including, for example, Neisseria meningitidis, N. gonorrhoeae (22,36), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (38), and for some grampositive bacteria, such as Enterococcus faecalis (11), Actinomyces spp. (19), and Ruminococcus albus (28). So far there is no experimental evidence that members of the genus Deinococcus produce flagella or pili, even though several genes encoding pilus-associated functions have been found in the genome of D. radiodurans (20). Within the phylum Deinococcus-Thermus, only the Thermus thermophilus strain HB27 has been reported to express pili during natural transformation (8).This study describes the ultrastructure of the thread-like appendages expressed by the industrially relevant strain D. geothermalis E50051. It is proposed that they represent pili and glycoconjugates necessary for adhesion and biofilm formation of D. geothermalis. MATERIALS AND METHODSBacterial strain and growth conditions. Deinococcus geothermalis E50051 (HAMBI 2411) ...

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Deinococcus–ThermusGroup

Battista¹

2016

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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The Deinococcus–Thermus group represents an ancient lineage that contains some of the most conspicuous species within the domain Bacteria . The group is distinguished by species that resist the lethal effects of exposure to ionising radiation and ultraviolet light, and by species that thrive at high temperature. Deinococcus–Thermus is comprised of two orders, the Deinococcales and the Thermales . The mostly mesophilic species of Deinococcales demonstrate uncommon resistance following exposure to electromagnetic radiations, tolerating doses that normally destroy vegetative bacteria. The Thermales are thermophilic with optimal growth at temperatures between 60 and 80 °C, but show no evidence of resistance to electromagnetic radiation. Despite these striking and distinctive phenotypic differences, 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequences verify that members of these orders are specifically related to each other. Key Concepts Species within the Deinococcus–Thermus group exist over a wide geographic distribution within the natural and built environments. All species within the Deinococcus–Thermus group are specifically related to each other through their 16S rRNA sequences. Members of the Deinococcales and Thermales share only three phenotypic characteristics: all are nonmotile, none form endospores and all utilise menaquinone 8 as their major respiratory lipoquinone. Members of the Deinococcales are aerobic, chemoorganotrophic and display respiratory metabolism. Other chemotaxonomic characteristics of this order are more varied than might be expected for closely related species. Most members of the Deinococcales display extreme resistance to the lethal effects of ionising radiation and UV light; there is a subset of species that are substantially less resistant to these agents. Members of the Thermales are thermophilic or slightly thermophilic rods. Optimal growth temperature for the type strains within the order falls between 60 and 70 °C, but there is considerable variation in growth temperature among nontype species. Most members of the Thermales are aerobic chemoorganotrophs reported to grow between pH 5.0 and 10.5 with optimal growth between pH 6 and 7. In the presence of an appropriate electron acceptor, some species will grow anaerobically. Members of the Thermales are routinely isolated from hydrothermal features worldwide at freshwater and marine sites, including deep sea hydrothermal vents.

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Mechanisms of biofilm formation in paper machine by Bacillus species: the role of Deinococcus geothermalis

Cited by 69 publications

References 30 publications

Firm but Slippery Attachment of Deinococcus geothermalis

Firm but Slippery Attachment of Deinococcus geothermalis

Characterization of Adhesion Threads of Deinococcus geothermalis as Type IV Pili

Deinococcus–ThermusGroup

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