Mechanisms of BPA Degradation and Toxicity Resistance in Rhodococcus equi

Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA) pollution poses an increasingly serious problem. BPA has been detected in a variety of environmental media and human tissues. Microbial degradation is an effective method of environmental BPA remediation. However, BPA is also biotoxic to microorganisms. In this study, Rhodococcus equi DSSKP-R-001 (R-001) was used to degrade BPA, and the effects of BPA on the growth metabolism, gene expression patterns, and toxicity-resistance mechanisms of Rhodococcus equi were analyzed. The results showed that R-001 degraded 51.2% of 5 mg/L BPA and that 40 mg/L BPA was the maximum BPA concentration tolerated by strain R-001. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase and multicopper oxidases played key roles in BPA degradation. However, BPA was toxic to strain R-001, exhibiting nonlinear inhibitory effects on the growth and metabolism of this bacterium. R-001 bacterial biomass, total protein content, and ATP content exhibited V-shaped trends as BPA concentration increased. The toxic effects of BPA included the downregulation of R-001 genes related to glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate metabolism, and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism. Genes involved in aspects of the BPA-resistance response, such as base excision repair, osmoprotectant transport, iron-complex transport, and some energy metabolisms, were upregulated to mitigate the loss of energy associated with BPA exposure. This study helped to clarify the bacterial mechanisms involved in BPA biodegradation and toxicity resistance, and our results provide a theoretical basis for the application of strain R-001 in BPA pollution treatments.

The unexpected effect of the compound microbial agent NP-M2 on microbial community dynamics in a nonylphenol-contaminated soil: the self-stability of soil ecosystem

“…The soil system can self-restore and effectively manage external adverse changes, potentially surpassing the efficacy of the bioaugmentation method in the long term. Similarly, genes involved in aspects of the bisphenol A (another well-known endocrine disrupting compound often detected with NP/NPEOs)-resistance response, such as base excision repair, osmoprotectant transport, iron-complex transport, and some energy metabolisms, were upregulated to mitigate the loss of energy associated with the exposure ( Tian et al, 2023 ). More importantly, major shifts in bacterial function were caused by the NP concentration and, to a lesser extent, by the microbial agent NP-M2 ( Fig.…”

The Role of Biodegrading-bacteria to Remove Bisphenol-A from Polluted Soils

“…The interactions between BPA and microorganisms throughout the biodegradation process are indeed intricate; Microorganisms exhibited a range of metabolic control mechanisms aimed to countering and neutralizing BPA-induced stress; these mechanisms were orchestrated by the microbial community to adapted to and efficiently degraded BPA, thereby mitigating its adverse effects on the environment totally [39,40].…”

Degradation of Bisphenol A by Bacillus subtilis P74 Isolated from Traditional Fermented Soybean Foods

“…In addition to B. subtilis , the growth of Lactococcus lactis , L. plantarum , Enterococcus faecalis , and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was also inhibited by increasing the BPA concentrations. It has been reported that BPA is toxic to microorganisms and inhibits their growth, metabolism, and gene expression [ 35 ]. BPA also appears to be a similar case to most toxic compounds that exhibit concentration-dependent inhibition.…”

“…The enzymes involved in the microbial degradation of BPA vary depending on the genus or species, though three enzymes have mainly been reported to play an key role: (i) monooxygenases (e.g., cytochrome P450 and ammonia monooxygenase), (ii) oxidases (e.g., laccase and manganese oxidase), and (iii) peroxidases (e.g., lignin and manganese peroxidases) [ 33 , 35 , 42 , 43 ]. In the future, it is necessary to further study the enzymes and genes that are involved in the excellent BPA degradation performance of B. subtilis P74 through whole genome sequencing.…”