Mechanisms of cutaneous vasoconstriction during upright posture

Vissing, Susanne; Secher, Niels H.; Victor, Ronald G.

doi:10.1046/j.1365-201x.1997.573344000.x

Cited by 82 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The venoarteriolar response results in vasoconstriction on increases in venous pressure and vasodilation on reductions in venous pressure. This response has been identified in skin, subcutaneous tissue, and muscle (3,8,10,11,13,23). The venoarteriolar response is generally preserved in individuals with a neuronal lesion proximal to the site of measurement (23), but it is absent during application of local anesthesia at the site of blood flow measurement (3,7,10,23).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the stimulus for this response is a change in venous pressure regardless of whether perfusion pressure changes or remains constant. This response also requires an intact local neural network (3,7,10,13,23), which is in contrast to traditional myogenic vascular autoregulation. Thus findings pertaining to the cutaneous venoarteriolar response shed little insight regarding whether cutaneous tissue is capable of modulating vascular tone specifically due to changes in perfusion pressure.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Given this, the requirement to autoregulate blood flow through this vascular bed during relatively small changes in perfusion pressure would be less critical relative to other vascular beds. Such a response is likely advantageous given that precise autoregulation of cutaneous vasculature would oppose thermally induced cutaneous vasoconstriction and vasodilation, which are necessary to maintain temperature homeostasis (21).The venoarteriolar response is an example of a vascular autoregulatory mechanism that has been identified and widely investigated in human skin (3,7,9,13,23). However, the stimulus for this response is a change in venous pressure regardless of whether perfusion pressure changes or remains constant.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…investigated in human skin (3,7,9,13,23). However, the stimulus for this response is a change in venous pressure regardless of whether perfusion pressure changes or remains constant.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evidence of a myogenic response in vasomotor control of forearm and palm cutaneous microcirculations

Durand

Zhang²,

Cui

et al. 2004

Journal of Applied Physiology

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Evidence of a myogenic response in vasomotor control of forearm and palm cutaneous microcirculations. J Appl Physiol 97: 535-539, 2004. First published April 16, 2004 10.1152/japplphysiol.01299.2003.-Previous investigations of autoregulatory mechanisms in the control of skin blood flow suffer from the possibility of interfering effects of the autonomic nervous system. To address this question, in 11 subjects cutaneous vascular responses were measured during acute changes in perfusion pressure (using Valsalva maneuver; VM) before and after ganglionic blockade via systemic trimethaphan infusion. Cutaneous vascular conductance at baseline (CVC base) and during the last 5 s of the VM (CVC VM) were measured from forearm (nonglabrous) and palm (glabrous) skin. During the VM without ganglionic blockade, compared with CVCbase, CVCVM decreased significantly at the palm [0.79 Ϯ 0.17 to 0.55 Ϯ 0.17 arbitrary units (AU)/mmHg; P ϭ 0.002] but was unchanged at the forearm (0.13 Ϯ 0.02 to 0.16 Ϯ 0.02 AU/mmHg; P ϭ 0.50). After ganglionic blockade, VM induced pronounced decreases in perfusion pressure, which resulted in significant increases in CVC VM at both forearm (0.19 Ϯ 0.03 to 0.31 Ϯ 0.07 AU/mmHg; P ϭ 0.008) and palm (1.84 Ϯ 0.29 to 2.76 Ϯ 0.63 AU/mmHg; P ϭ 0.003) sites. These results suggest that, devoid of autonomic control, both glabrous and nonglabrous skin are capable of exhibiting vasomotor autoregulation during pronounced reductions in perfusion pressure. autoregulation; skin blood flow; Valsalva maneuver CUTANEOUS TISSUE HAS RELATIVELY low metabolic requirements, and control of skin blood flow is primary influenced by thermal factors (e.g., local and internal temperatures). Skin blood flow can also be modulated by nonneurally mediated events, one of which may be vascular cutaneous autoregulation. Vascular autoregulation serves to maintain blood flow and nutrient supply when perfusion pressure is altered. In addition, autoregulatory responses attenuate large changes in capillary pressure that otherwise would occur during changes in perfusion pressure (15).Cutaneous blood flow during normothermic conditions is in excess of that required to provide for its metabolic demand. Given this, the requirement to autoregulate blood flow through this vascular bed during relatively small changes in perfusion pressure would be less critical relative to other vascular beds. Such a response is likely advantageous given that precise autoregulation of cutaneous vasculature would oppose thermally induced cutaneous vasoconstriction and vasodilation, which are necessary to maintain temperature homeostasis (21).The venoarteriolar response is an example of a vascular autoregulatory mechanism that has been identified and widely investigated in human skin (3,7,9,13,23). However, the stimulus for this response is a change in venous pressure regardless of whether perfusion pressure changes or remains constant. This response also requires an intact local neural network (3,7,10,13,23), which is in contrast to traditional myogenic vascular autor...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…investigated in human skin (3,7,9,13,23). However, the stimulus for this response is a change in venous pressure regardless of whether perfusion pressure changes or remains constant.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Evidence of a myogenic response in vasomotor control of forearm and palm cutaneous microcirculations

Durand

Zhang²,

Cui

et al. 2004

Journal of Applied Physiology

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“…Unchanged skin sympathetic nerve activity in response to baroreceptor unloading has been observed in normothermic and heat-stressed humans (7,39,41). However, significant cutaneous vasoconstrictor responses in the forearm and palm at the heart level during orthostatic stress in these thermal conditions (6,34,45,47,48) suggest participation of sympathetic vasoconstrictor function in the responses without a detectable change in the neural signal.…”

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confidence: 96%

Limb-specific differences in the skin vascular responsiveness to adrenergic agonists

Yamazaki

Yuge

2011

Journal of Applied Physiology

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Yamazaki F, Yuge N. Limb-specific differences in the skin vascular responsiveness to adrenergic agonists. J Appl Physiol 111: 170-176, 2011. First published April 28, 2011 doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00068.2011In this study, to test the hypothesis that adrenergic vasoconstrictor responses of the legs are greater compared with the arms in human skin, cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) in the forearm and calf were compared during the infusion of adrenergic agonists in healthy young volunteers. Under normothermic conditions, norepinephrine (NE, ␣-and ␤-agonist, 1 ϫ 10 Ϫ8 to 1 ϫ 10 Ϫ2 M), phenylephrine (PHE, ␣1-agonist, 1 ϫ 10 Ϫ8 to 1 ϫ 10 Ϫ2 M), dexmedetomidine (DEX, ␣2-agonist, 1 ϫ 10 Ϫ9 to 1 ϫ 10 Ϫ4 M), and isoproterenol (ISO, ␤-agonist, 1 ϫ 10 Ϫ8 to 1 ϫ 10 Ϫ3 M) were administered by intradermal microdialysis. Skin blood flow (SkBF) was measured by laserDoppler flowmetry, and the local temperature at SkBF-measuring sites was maintained at 34°C throughout the experiments. CVC was calculated as the ratio of SkBF to blood pressure and expressed relative to the baseline value before drug infusion. The dose of NE at the onset of vasoconstriction and the effective dose (ED50) resulting in 50% of the maximal vasoconstrictor response for NE were lower (P Ͻ 0.001) in the calf than forearm. The ED50 for PHE and DEX was also lower (P Ͻ 0.05) in the calf than forearm. Increases in CVC in response to ISO were potentially smaller in the calf, but the statistical differences in the responses were dependent on the expressions of CVC. These findings suggest that the cutaneous vasoconstrictor responsiveness to exogenous NE is greater in the legs than in the arms due to a higher ␣1-and ␣2-adrenoceptor reactivity, while the ␤-adrenoceptor function plays a minor role in regional differences in adrenergic vasoconstriction in normothermic humans. skin blood flow; exogenous norepinephrine; ␣-adrenergic receptor; ␤-adrenergic receptor; microdialysis IN HUMANS, peripheral vasoconstrictor responses to upright posture show heterogeneity between the upper and lower limbs (14,16,22,48). The findings from previous studies suggest that the leg vasculature is more responsive to orthostatic stimulation than the arm vasculature. The augmented vasoconstrictor response observed in the human lower-leg vasculature is influenced by sympathetic and local mechanisms (14,22,24,38) and could play an important regulatory role by limiting the degree to which blood accumulates in the legs during orthostatic stress (29,30).The vasoconstrictor response to the upright posture is via reflex and nonreflex (e.g., venoarteriolar response) mechanisms. The reflex vasoconstriction is influenced by centrally driven activity in sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerves and postjunctional adrenergic receptor responsiveness. With regard to the central sympathetic outflow, similar increases in muscle sympathetic nerve activity have been shown in the arm and leg during orthostatic stress (14, 31). In addition, similar increases in regional norepinephrine (NE) spillover have been re...

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Cutaneous Vasodilator and Vasoconstrictor Mechanisms in Temperature Regulation

Johnson

Minson

Kellogg

2014

Comprehensive Physiology

338

290

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In this review, we focus on significant developments in our understanding of the mechanisms that control the cutaneous vasculature in humans, with emphasis on the literature of the last half-century. To provide a background for subsequent sections, we review methods of measurement and techniques of importance in elucidating control mechanisms for studying skin blood flow. In addition, the anatomy of the skin relevant to its thermoregulatory function is outlined. The mechanisms by which sympathetic nerves mediate cutaneous active vasodilation during whole body heating and cutaneous vasoconstriction during whole body cooling are reviewed, including discussions of mechanisms involving cotransmission, NO, and other effectors. Current concepts for the mechanisms that effect local cutaneous vascular responses to local skin warming and cooling are examined, including the roles of temperature sensitive afferent neurons as well as NO and other mediators. Factors that can modulate control mechanisms of the cutaneous vasculature, such as gender, aging, and clinical conditions, are discussed, as are nonthermoregulatory reflex modifiers of thermoregulatory cutaneous vascular responses.

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Mechanisms of cutaneous vasoconstriction during upright posture

Cited by 82 publications

References 25 publications

Evidence of a myogenic response in vasomotor control of forearm and palm cutaneous microcirculations

Evidence of a myogenic response in vasomotor control of forearm and palm cutaneous microcirculations

Limb-specific differences in the skin vascular responsiveness to adrenergic agonists

Cutaneous Vasodilator and Vasoconstrictor Mechanisms in Temperature Regulation

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