Mechanisms of emotional arousal and lasting declarative memory

Cahill, Larry; McGaugh, James L.

doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(97)01214-9

Cited by 1,360 publications

(984 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…The present study shows that the endocannabinoid transport inhibitor AM404 selectively increases levels of anandamide, but not 2-AG, in the rat prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and thalamus, three brain regions that are intimately involved in the regulation of stress and emotion (Nestler et al, 2002;Cahill and McGaugh, 1998). This biochemical response is accompanied by marked anxiolyticlike effects, which are prevented by the CB 1 receptor antagonist rimonabant.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Anxiolytic-Like Properties of the Anandamide Transport Inhibitor AM404

Bortolato

Campolongo

Mangieri

et al. 2006

Neuropsychopharmacol

214

150

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The endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoyglycerol (2-AG) may contribute to the regulation of mood and emotion. In this study, we investigated the impact of the endocannabinoid transport inhibitor AM404 on three rat models of anxiety: elevated plus maze, defensive withdrawal and separation-induced ultrasonic vocalizations. AM404 (1-5 mg kg À1 , intraperitoneal (i.p.)) exerted dosedependent anxiolytic-like effects in the three models. These behavioral effects were associated with increased levels of anandamide, but not 2-AG, in the prefrontal cortex and were prevented by the CB 1 cannabinoid antagonist rimonabant (SR141716A), suggesting that they were dependent on anandamide-mediated activation of CB 1 cannabinoid receptors. We also evaluated whether AM404 might influence motivation (in the conditioned place preference (CPP) test), sensory reactivity (acoustic startle reflex) and sensorimotor gating (prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reflex). In the CPP test, AM404 (1.25-10 mg kg À1 , i.p.) elicited rewarding effects in rats housed under enriched conditions, but not in rats kept in standard cages. Moreover, AM404 did not alter reactivity to sensory stimuli or cause overt perceptual distortion, as suggested by its lack of effect on startle or PPI of startle. These results support a role of anandamide in the regulation of emotion and point to the anandamide transport system as a potential target for anxiolytic drugs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Anxiolytic-Like Properties of the Anandamide Transport Inhibitor AM404

Bortolato

Campolongo

Mangieri

et al. 2006

Neuropsychopharmacol

214

150

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…GABA agonists infused directly into the amygdala immediately after training impaired retention (Castellano et al 1989;Willensky et al 2000). Amygdala is reported to play a crucial role, preferentially in avoidance learning than spatial learning (Takashina et al 1995) and is also involved with the formation of enhanced declarative memory for emotionally arousing events (Adolphs et al 1997;Cahill and McGaugh 1998;Hamann et al 1997). Declarative memory also depends on signals from the hippocampus and other parts of the medial temporal lobe of the brain for its retention.…”

Section: Memory Retention and Cognitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychomotor functions at various weeks of chronic renal failure in rats

Chandanathil¹,

Upadhya

Bhat³

2014

Cogn Neurodyn

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In chronic renal failure there is a gradual retention of substances in the tissues and body fluids, called as uremic retention toxins, which can bring about a number of biochemical activities in the body. Chronic renal insufficiency also leads to progressive behavioural conflict. Uremic toxins can affect both the central and the peripheral nervous system. Uremic encephalopathy is also associated with problems in cognition and memory. To study the psychomotor functional disorders in rats with progressive chronic renal failure surgical nephrectomy was done by resection method. The animals were grouped into two control groups, Sham control (SC) and normal control (NC) and two uremic groups, moderate uremia (G M ) and severe uremia (G S ). Psychomotor analysis was done by passive avoidance and open field in these animals at 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks. After the incubation period, the nephrectomised groups (G M and G S ) showed significant changes in exploratory, locomotor and emotional behaviour when compared to the controls (NC and SC). Psychomotor changes involve poor cognition, reduced memory, reduced locomotor activity and decreased exploratory drive and emotional disturbance like increased fear during the initial stages. During the later stages a restless behaviour was noticed, associated with diminished fear.

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“…The increased central noradrenergic release can promote memory formation evoked by the fearful stimuli (Vaandrager and de Jonge, 1996), and may explain why we remember exciting or traumatic events more vividly than everyday ones (Cahill and McGaugh, 1998). However, fear learning can be detrimental in some situations, such as for patients undergoing medical procedures, or where the persistent fear response evokes chronic stress (Svensson, 1987).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activation of α2 Adrenergic Receptors Suppresses Fear Conditioning: Expression of c-Fos and Phosphorylated CREB in Mouse Amygdala

Davies

Tsui

Flannery

et al. 2003

Neuropsychopharmacol

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a 2 adrenergic agonists such as dexmedetomidine generally suppress noradrenergic transmission and have sedative, analgesic, and antihypertensive properties. Considering the importance of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine in forming memories for fearful events, we have investigated the acute and chronic effects of dexmedetomidine on discrete cue and contextual fear conditioning in mice. When administered before training, dexmedetomidine (10-20 mg/kg, i.p.) selectively suppressed discrete cue fear conditioning without affecting contextual memory. This behavioral change was associated with a decrease in memory retrieval-induced expression of c-Fos and P-CREB in the lateral, basolateral, and central nuclei of the amygdala. Dexmedetomidine's action on discrete cue memory did not occur in a 2A adrenoceptor knockout (KO) mice. When dexmedetomidine was administered after training, it suppressed contextual memory, an effect that did not occur in a 2A adrenoceptor KO mice. We conclude that dexmedetomidine, acting at a 2A adrenoceptors, must be present during the encoding process to decrease discrete cue fear memory; however, its ability to suppress contextual memory is likely the result of blocking the consolidation process. The ability of a 2 agonists to suppress fear memory may be a valuable property clinically in order to suppress the formation of memories during stressful situations.

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Mechanisms of emotional arousal and lasting declarative memory

Cited by 1,360 publications

References 65 publications

Anxiolytic-Like Properties of the Anandamide Transport Inhibitor AM404

Anxiolytic-Like Properties of the Anandamide Transport Inhibitor AM404

Psychomotor functions at various weeks of chronic renal failure in rats

Activation of α2 Adrenergic Receptors Suppresses Fear Conditioning: Expression of c-Fos and Phosphorylated CREB in Mouse Amygdala

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